Configuration for olefins production

ABSTRACT

Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor. Products from the upgrading operations may be used as feed to a steam cracker

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 62/819,270, 62/819,282, 62/819,247, 62/819,229, and 62/819,315, each filed Mar. 15, 2019, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

Embodiments herein relate to processes and systems for producing petrochemicals, such as olefins and aromatics, from crude oil and low value heavy hydrocarbon streams.

BACKGROUND

High-boiling compounds in crude oil may cause significant operational issues if they are sent to a steam cracker. High boiling compounds have a propensity to form coke, due in large part to their high asphaltene content. Therefore, the high boiling compounds are typically removed before sending the lighter fractions to different petrochemicals units, such as a steam cracker or an aromatic complex. The removal process, however, increases the capital cost of the overall process and lowers profitability, as the removed high-boiling compounds can only be sold as low-value fuel oil. In addition, conversion of vacuum residue without significant formation of HPNAs (heavy polynuclear aromatics) that are detrimental to steam cracker furnaces downstream of the process has been a challenge to date.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,493 describes a process in which crude oil is sent to the convection section of a steam cracker and then to a separation zone, where the portion of the feed boiling below about 450° F. is separated from the rest of the feed and then sent, with steam, into the high temperature portion of the steam cracker and subjected to cracking conditions.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,133,777 teaches a process in which feed oil initially flows downwardly in trickle flow through a fixed bed of HDM catalysts, and then passes downwardly through a fixed bed of promoted catalysts containing selected GROUP VI and GROUP VIII metals, with very little hydrocracking occurring in this combination process.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,824 disclosed a process of upgrading a waxy hydrocarbon feed mixture containing sulfur compounds which boils in the distillate range, in order to reduce sulfur content and 85% point while preserving the high octane of naphtha by-products and maximizing distillate yield. The process employs a single, downflow reactor having at least two catalyst beds and an inter-bed redistributor between the beds. The top bed contains a hydrocracking catalyst, preferably zeolite beta, and the bottom bed contains a dewaxing catalyst, preferably ZSM-5.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,730,879 discloses a two-bed catalytic process for the hydrodesulfurization of crude oil or a reduced fraction, in which at least 50 percent of the total pore volume of the first-bed catalytic consists of pores in the 100-200 Angstrom diameter range.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,830,720 discloses a two-bed catalytic process for hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurizing residual oils, in which a small-pore catalyst is disposed upstream of a large-pore catalyst.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,523 describes a novel catalyst and a process for catalytically demetalizing and desulfurizing hydrocarbon oils comprising residual fractions. The process described therein utilizes a catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component, such as cobalt and molybdenum oxides, composited on an alumina. Although this catalyst is highly effective for demetalization of residual fractions and has good stability with time on stream, its utility is remarkably improved when this catalyst is employed in a particular manner in combination with a second catalyst having different critical characteristics. A catalyst of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,523 will be referred as a first catalyst, it being understood that this first catalyst is to be situated upstream of the second catalyst having different characteristics.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,539 discloses that improved hydrogen utilization and/or higher conversions of desired product is obtained in hydrotreating or hydrocracking processes when using amphora particles for hydrotreating of light hydrocarbon fractions, catalytic reforming, fixed-bed alkylation processes, and the like.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,067 discloses that hydrocarbon oils, preferably residual fractions, are catalytically hydroprocessed to very effectively remove both metals and sulfur and with particularly slow aging of the catalyst system by contacting the oil sequentially with two catalysts of different characteristics. The first catalyst, located upstream of the second catalyst, is characterized by having at least 60% of its pore volume in pores greater than 100 A. in diameter and other characteristics hereinafter specified. The second catalyst, located downstream with respect to the first catalyst, is characterized by having a major fraction of its pore volume in pores less than 100 A. in diameter.

The dual catalyst apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,067 is used to demetallize and/or desulfurize any hydrocarbon oil that has metals and/or sulfur content-undesirably high for a particular application. The dual catalyst apparatus is particularly effective for preparing low metals and/or low sulfur content feedstocks for catalytic cracking or for coking. In the processing to remove metals and sulfur, and hydrocarbon oil also is concomitantly enriched in hydrogen, making it an even more suitable chargestock for either of these processes.

In general, these and other prior processes for converting whole crudes typically convert less than 50 percent of the crude to the more desirable end products, including petrochemicals such as ethylene, propylene, butenes, pentenes, and light aromatics, for example. Generally, 20 percent of the whole crude is removed up front in processing, removing the heaviest components that are hard to convert. About another 20 percent of the whole crude is typically converted to pyrolysis oil, and about 10 percent is over-converted to methane.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process including: separating a hydrocarbon feedstock in a first integrated separation device into at least a light boiling fraction, a medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction; hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent; separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated separation device to produce a fuel oil fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to produce a steam cracker feedstream; feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process including: separating a hydrocarbon feedstock in a first integrated separation device into at least a light boiling fraction, a medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction; hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction in a first resid conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent; solvent deasphalting the hydrocracked effluent to recover a pitch and a deasphalted oil fraction; hydrocracking the deasphalted oil fraction and a pyrolysis oil in a second resid conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a second hydrocracked effluent; separating the hydrocracked effluent and the second hydrocracked effluents in a second integrated separation device to produce the resid fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to produce a steam cracker feedstream; feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process including: separating a hydrocarbon feedstock in a first integrated separation device into at least a light boiling fraction, a medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction; hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent; separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated separation device to produce a resid fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; hydrodesulfurizing the resid fraction to produce an ultra low sulfur diesel fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a third conditioning unit to produce a third conditioning unit effluent; separating the third conditioning unit effluent in a third integrated separation device into a light boiling conditioned fraction, a medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a high boiling fraction; destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction, the medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a diesel fraction in a fourth conditioning unit to produce a fourth conditioning unit effluent; separating the fourth conditioning unit in a fourth integrated separation device into a light conditioned fraction and the diesel fraction; feeding the high boiling fraction, the light conditioned fraction, the light boiling fraction, and the light boiling conditioned fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-4 are simplified process flow diagrams for systems and processes for converting whole crudes and/or heavy hydrocarbon containing streams according to embodiments herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the term “petrochemicals” refers to hydrocarbons including light olefins and diolefins and C6-C8 aromatics. Petrochemicals thus refers to hydrocarbons including ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadienes, pentenes, pentadienes, as well as benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Referring to a subset of petrochemicals, the term “chemicals,” as used herein, refers to ethylene, propylene, butadiene, 1-butene, isobutylene, benzene, toluene, and para-xylenes.

Hydrotreating is a catalytic process, usually carried out in the presence of free hydrogen, in which the primary purpose when used to process hydrocarbon feedstocks is the removal of various metal contaminants (e.g., arsenic), heteroatoms (e.g., sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen), and aromatics from the feedstock. Generally, in hydrotreating operations cracking of the hydrocarbon molecules (i.e., breaking the larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules) is minimized. As used herein, the term “hydrotreating” refers to a refining process whereby a feed stream is reacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst to remove impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and/or metals (e.g. nickel, or vanadium) from the feed stream (e.g. the atmospheric tower bottoms) through reductive processes. Hydrotreating processes may vary substantially depending on the type of feed to a hydrotreater. For example, light feeds (e.g. naphtha) contain very little and few types of impurities, whereas heavy feeds (e.g. ATBs) typically possess many different heavy compounds present in a crude oil. Apart from having heavy compounds, impurities in heavy feeds are more complex and difficult to treat than those present in light feeds. Therefore, hydrotreating of light feeds is generally performed at lower reaction severity, whereas heavy feeds require higher reaction pressures and temperatures.

Hydrocracking refers to a process in which hydrogenation and dehydrogenation accompanies the cracking/fragmentation of hydrocarbons, e.g., converting heavier hydrocarbons into lighter hydrocarbons, or converting aromatics and/or cycloparaffins (naphthenes) into non-cyclic branched paraffins.

“Conditioning” and like terms as used herein refers to conversion of hydrocarbons by one or both of hydrocracking and hydrotreating. “Destructive hydrogenation” and like terms refers to cracking of the hydrocarbon molecular bonds of a hydrocarbon, and the associated hydrogen saturation of the remaining hydrocarbon fragments, which can create stable lower boiling point hydrocarbon oil products, and may be inclusive of both hydrocracking and hydrotreating.

“API gravity” refers to the gravity of a petroleum feedstock or product relative to water, as determined by ASTM D4052-11.

The integration of conditioning, fractionation, and steam cracking may result in a highly efficient facility, and in some embodiments may convert greater than 55%, greater than 60%, greater than 65%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, or greater than 85% of the whole crude to petrochemicals. In other embodiments, the integration of conditioning, fractionation, and steam cracking may result in a highly efficient facility, and in some embodiments may convert greater than 55%, greater than 60%, greater than 65%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80% or greater than 85% of the whole crude to chemicals. Embodiments herein may thus provide systems and processes for conditioning feeds including even the heaviest, most undesirable residuum components into components that can be vaporized and passed into the radiant section of a steam cracker, substantially improving over the low petrochemical conversion of prior processes.

Embodiments herein relate to processes and systems that take crude oil and/or low value heavy hydrocarbons as feed and produces petrochemicals, such as light olefins and diolefins (ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and/or butenes) and aromatics. More specifically, embodiments herein are directed toward methods and systems for making olefins and aromatics by thermal cracking of a pre-conditioned crude oil or condensate. Processes herein may condition the residuum fraction of whole crude oils and natural condensates to produce feedstocks useful as a steam cracker feedstock.

Hydrocarbon mixtures useful in embodiments disclosed herein may include various hydrocarbon mixtures having a boiling point range, where the end boiling point of the mixture may be greater than 500° C., such as greater than 525° C., 550° C., or 575° C. The amount of high boiling hydrocarbons, such as hydrocarbons boiling over 550° C., may be as little as 0.1 wt %, 1 wt % or 2 wt %, but can be as high as 10 wt %, 25 wt %, 50 wt % or greater. The description is explained with respect to crude oil, such as whole crude oil, but any high boiling end point hydrocarbon mixture can be used. However, processes disclosed herein can be applied to crudes, condensates and hydrocarbon with a wide boiling curve and end points higher than 500° C. Such hydrocarbon mixtures may include whole crudes, virgin crudes, hydroprocessed crudes, gas oils, vacuum gas oils, heating oils, jet fuels, diesels, kerosenes, gasolines, synthetic naphthas, raffinate reformates, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, Fischer-Tropsch gases, natural gasolines, distillates, virgin naphthas, natural gas condensates, atmospheric pipestill bottoms, vacuum pipestill streams including bottoms, wide boiling range naphtha to gas oil condensates, heavy non-virgin hydrocarbon streams from refineries, vacuum gas oils, heavy gas oils, atmospheric residuum, hydrocracker wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax, among others. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon mixture may include hydrocarbons boiling from the naphtha range or lighter to the vacuum gas oil range or heavier.

When the end boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is high, such as over 550° C., the hydrocarbon mixture cannot be processed directly in a steam pyrolysis reactor to produce olefins. The presence of these heavy hydrocarbons results in the formation of coke in the reactor, where the coking may occur in one or more of the convection zone preheating coils or superheating coils, in the radiant coils, or in transfer line exchangers, and such coking may occur rapidly, such as in few hours. Whole crude is not typically cracked commercially, as it is not economical. It is generally fractionated, and only specific cuts are used in a steam pyrolysis heater to produce olefins. The remainder is used in other processes. The cracking reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism. Hence, high ethylene yield can be achieved when it is cracked at high temperatures. Lighter feeds, like butanes and pentanes, require a high reactor temperature to obtain high olefin yields. Heavy feeds, like gas oil and vacuum gas oil (VGO), require lower temperatures. Crude contains a distribution of compounds from butanes to VGO and residue (material boiling over 550° C.). Subjecting the whole crude without separation at high temperatures produces a high yield of coke (byproduct of cracking hydrocarbons at high severity) and plugs the steam pyrolysis reactor. The steam pyrolysis reactor has to be periodically shut down and the coke is cleaned by steam/air decoking. The time between two cleaning periods when the olefins are produced is called run length. When whole crude is cracked without separation, coke can deposit in the convection section coils (vaporizing the fluid), in the radiant section (where the olefin producing reactions occur) and/or in the transfer line exchanger (where the reactions are stopped quickly by cooling to preserve the olefin yields).

Processes and systems according to embodiments herein, for converting a crude oil as feed and producing petrochemicals and low sulfur fuel oil, may include a feed preparation section, a crude oil conditioning section, an optional aromatics complex, and a steam cracker. The feed preparation section may include a desalter, for example. Crude is conditioned and processed such that crackable feed is being sent to steam crackers to maximize the chemicals yield while maintaining a reasonable decoking frequency of the furnaces. Another objective of the crude conditioning section is to achieve maximum conversion, such as complete or essentially complete (95%+) conversion, of asphaltenes to lower boiling point components that enhance the chemicals yield while reducing the formation of heavy polynuclear aromatics (HPNAs).

Processes according to embodiments herein may thus convert heavier fractions of crude oil into high-value petrochemicals and may minimize the amount of hydrocarbons sent to a fuel oil pool, which substantially increases profitability. The small fuel oil pool that is produced may also be upgraded into a low-sulfur, IMO 2020 compliant fuel oil, further increasing the value of the products.

As noted above, high-boiling compounds in the crude oil may cause significant operational issues if they are sent to a steam cracker, due to their propensity to form coke, mainly because of their high asphaltene content. Therefore, the high boiling compounds are typically removed before sending the lighter fractions to different petrochemicals units, such as the steam cracker and aromatic complex. The removal process increases the capital cost of the overall process and lowers profitability, as the removed high-boiling compounds can only be sold as low-value fuel oil. In addition, conversion of vacuum residue without significant formation of HPNAs that are detrimental to steam cracker furnaces downstream of the process has been a challenge to date.

The configurations of systems and processes for the conversion of whole crudes and heavy hydrocarbons according to embodiments described herein may efficiently handle resid conversion while maximizing the chemicals conversion and maintaining lower coking propensity in the steam cracker. This is achieved by using one or more integrated separation devices (ISD) and/or a solvent deasphalting unit to the crude conditioning processes.

Processes according to embodiments of the present disclosure target to convert most of the crude oil to feasible feedstock to the steam cracker. The efficient resid conversion according to embodiments herein may maximize the chemicals conversion and maintain lower coking propensity. This is achieved by integrating one or both of the following processes in the overall process configuration: (1) The addition of a hydrocracking reactor to the crude conditioning process, enabling conversion of high boiling compounds to ones that boil below 540° C.; and/or (2) The addition of solvent deasphalting unit to remove the asphaltene from the heavy fraction of the crude which in turn will enhance the catalyst life cycle in the fixed bed hydroprocessing reactors and reduce the coke formation in the steam cracking furnaces. This makes it possible to send all or essentially all of the treated crude to the steam cracker, decreasing the overall process yields of low value fuel oil and increasing the yields of high value olefins, diolefins, and benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX).

Separation of various fractions, such as a low boiling fraction (a 160° C.− fraction) and a high boiling fraction (a 160° C.+ fraction), or such as a low, middle and high boiling fractions (a 160° C.− fraction, a 160-490° C. fraction, and a 490° C.+ fraction, for example) may enhance the capital efficiently and operating costs of the processes and systems disclosed herein. While referring to three cuts in many embodiments herein, it is recognized by the present inventors that condensates, typically having a small amount of high boiling components, and whole crudes, having a greater quantity of high boiling components, may be processed differently. Accordingly, one, two, three or more individual cuts can be performed for the wide boiling range petroleum feeds, and each cut can be processed separately at optimum conditions.

Separation of the whole crude into the desired fractions may be performed using one or more separators (distillation columns, flash drums, etc.). In some embodiments, separation of the petroleum feeds may be performed in an integrated separation device (ISD), such as disclosed in US20130197283, which is incorporated herein by reference. In the ISD, an initial separation of a low boiling fraction is performed in the ISD based on a combination of centrifugal and cyclonic effects to separate the desired vapor fraction from liquid. An additional separation step may then be used to separate a middle boiling fraction from high boiling components.

Typically, hydrocarbon components boiling above 490° C. contain asphaltenes and Conradson Carbon Residue, and thus need to be processed appropriately, as described further below. While embodiments are described as including a fraction below about 90° C.-250° C., such as a 160° C.− fraction and a fraction above about 400° C.-560° C., such as a 490° C.+ fraction, it is noted that the actual cut points may be varied based on the type of whole crude or other heavy fractions being processed. For example, for a crude containing a low metals or nitrogen content, or a large quantity of “easier-to-process” components boiling, for instance, at temperatures up to 525° C., 540° C., or 565° C., it may be possible to increase the mid/high cut point while still achieving the benefits of embodiments herein. Similarly, the low/mid cut point may be as high as 220° C. in some embodiments, or as high as 250° C. in other embodiments. Further, it has been found that a low/mid cut point of about 160° C. may provide a benefit for sizing and operation of the reactors, such as a fixed bed conditioning reactor, for conditioning the mid fraction hydrocarbons (middle cut). Further still, for some feeds, such as condensate, the low/mid cut point may be as high as 565° C. The ability to vary the cut points may add flexibility to process schemes according to embodiments herein, allowing for processing of a wide variety of feeds while still producing the product mixture desired.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the light cut may include hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 90° C. (e.g., a 90° C.− fraction), up to about 100° C., up to about 110° C., up to about 120° C., up to about 130° C., up to about 140° C., up to about 150° C., up to about 160° C., up to about 170° C., up to about 180° C., up to about 190° C., up to about 200° C., up to about 210° C., up to about 220° C., up to about 230° C., up to about 240° C., up to about 250° C. (e.g., a 250° C.− fraction), up to about 300° C., up to about 350° C., up to about 400° C., up to about 500° C., or up to about 565° C. Embodiments herein also contemplate the light cut being hydrocarbons having boiling points up to temperatures intermediate the aforementioned ranges.

Depending upon the fractionation mechanism used, the light hydrocarbon “cut” may be relatively clean, meaning the light fraction may not have any substantial amount (>1 wt % as used herein) of compounds boiling above the intended boiling temperature target. For example, a 160° C.− cut may not have any substantial amount of hydrocarbon compounds boiling above 160° C. (i.e., >1 wt %). In other embodiments, the intended target “cut” temperatures noted above may be a 95% boiling point temperature, or in other embodiments as an 85% boiling point temperature, such as may be measured using ASTM D86 or ASTM D2887, or a True Boiling Point (TBP) analysis according to ASTM D2892, for example, and ASTM D7169 for heavy streams, such as those boiling above about 400° C. In such embodiments, there may be up to 5 wt % or up to 15 wt % of compounds above the indicated “cut” point temperature. For many whole crudes, the low/mid cut point may be such that the light boiling fraction has a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 90° C. to about 250° C. For other feeds, however, such as condensate, the light boiling fraction may have a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 500° C. to about 565° C., for example.

In some embodiments, the middle cut may include hydrocarbons having a boiling point from a lower limit of the light cut upper temperature (e.g., 90° C., 100° C., 110° C., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 160° C., 170° C., 180° C., 190° C., 200° C., 210° C., 220° C., 230° C., 240° C., 250° C., 300° C., 350° C., or 400° C., for example) to an upper limit of hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 350° C., up to about 375° C., up to about 400° C., up to about 410° C., up to about 420° C., up to about 430° C., up to about 440° C., up to about 450° C., up to about 460° C., up to about 480° C., up to about 490° C., up to about 500° C., up to about 520° C., up to about 540° C., up to about 560° C., or up to about 580° C. As used herein, for example, a middle cut having a lower limit of 160° C. and an upper limit of 490° C. may be referred to as a 160° C. to 490° C. cut or fraction. Embodiments herein also contemplate the middle cut being hydrocarbons having boiling points from and/or up to temperatures intermediate the aforementioned ranges.

Depending upon the fractionation mechanism, the hydrocarbon “cut” for the middle cut may be relatively clean, meaning the middle cut may not have any substantial amount (>1 wt %) of compounds boiling below and/or may not have any substantial amount (>1 wt %) of compounds boiling above the intended boiling temperature target limits. For example, a 160° C. to 490° C. cut may not have any substantial amount of hydrocarbon compounds boiling below 160° C. or above 490° C. In other embodiments, the intended target “cut” temperatures noted above may be a 5 wt % or 15 wt % boiling point temperature on the lower limit and/or a 95% or 85% boiling point temperature on the upper limit, such as may be measured using ASTM D86 or ASTM D2887, or a True Boiling Point (TBP) analysis according to ASTM D2892, for example, and ASTM D7169 for heavy streams, such as those boiling above about 400° C. In such embodiments, there may be up to 5 wt % or up to 15 wt % of compounds above and/or below the “cut” point temperature, respectively.

In some embodiments, the heavy cut may include hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., above about 375° C., above about 400° C. (e.g., a 400° C.+ fraction), above about 420° C., above about 440° C., above about 460° C., above about 480° C., above about 490° C., above about 500° C., above about 510° C., above about 520° C., above about 530° C., above about 540° C., above about 560° C., above about 580° C., above about 590° C., above about 600° C. (e.g., a 600° C.+ fraction), or above about 700° C. Embodiments herein also contemplate the heavy cut being hydrocarbons having boiling points above temperatures intermediate the aforementioned temperatures.

Depending upon the fractionation mechanism, the heavy hydrocarbon “cut” may be relatively clean, meaning the heavy fraction may not have any substantial amount (>1 wt %) of compounds boiling below the intended boiling temperature target. For example, a 490° C.+ cut may not have any substantial amount of hydrocarbon compounds boiling below 490° C. In other embodiments, the intended target “cut” temperatures noted above may be a 95% boiling point temperature, or in other embodiments as an 85% boiling point temperature, such as may be measured using ASTM D86 or ASTM D2887, or a True Boiling Point (TBP) analysis according to ASTM D2892, for example, and ASTM D7169 for heavy streams, such as those boiling above about 400° C. In such embodiments, there may be up to 5 wt % or up to 15 wt % of compounds, respectively, below the “cut” point temperature.

While examples below are given with respect to limited temperature ranges, it is envisioned that any of the temperature ranges prescribed above can be used in the processes described herein. Further, with respect to cut points, those referred to in the examples below may be clean, as described above, or may refer to 5% or 15% boiling temperatures for lower limits, or may refer to 85% or 95% boiling temperatures for upper limits.

Following fractionation, the light cut, such as a 160° C.− cut, may be fed to a steam cracker section of the system with or without further processing. The light cut fed to the steam cracker section may include light naphtha and lighter hydrocarbons, for example, and in some embodiments may include heavy naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons.

The mid-range hydrocarbon cut may be conditioned using one or more fixed bed reactors, such as hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors, each of which may destructively hydrogenate the hydrocarbons in the mid-cut. The conditioning reactors may include catalysts for metals removal, sulfur removal, nitrogen removal, and the conditioning in these reactors may overall add hydrogen to the hydrocarbon components, making them easier to process downstream to produce petrochemicals. The fixed bed catalyst systems in the mid-cut conditioning zone, for example, may contain different layers of demetalizing, destructive hydrogenation and mesoporous zeolite hydrocracking catalysts to optimize the conversion of the heavy materials to a balance between a highly paraffinic stream that is suitable for olefins production and a rich in aromatics stream that is suitable for aromatics production.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to further separate the mid-cut into a low-mid cut and a high-mid cut. For example, a mid-cut having a boiling range from 160° C. to 490° C. may be divided into a low-mid cut having a boiling range from about 160° C. to about 325° C. and a high-mid cut having a boiling range from about 325° C. to about 490° C. The conditioning trains may thus be configured to more selectively convert the hydrocarbon components in the respective low and high mid cuts to the desired conditioned effluents, where each train may be configured based on preferred catalysts to destructively hydrogenate the hydrocarbons therein, reactor sizing for expected feed volumes and catalyst lifetime, as well as operating conditions to achieve the desired conversions to naphtha range containing steam cracker feedstocks. Similarly, division of the mid cut into three or more sub-cuts is also contemplated.

Processing of the heavy hydrocarbons, such as 490° C.+ hydrocarbons, in the heavies conditioning unit and the optional solvent deasphalting unit may enhance the conversion of low value streams to high value products. When used, the solvent deasphalting unit may provide further benefits, such as the ability to match run lengths of conditioning reactors with the steam cracker, as well as to provide an ability to handle a broader range of feeds and different crudes, allowing an operator to tune the process. The resulting solvent deasphalted oil may then be further treated, conditioning the deasphalted oil for use in the steam cracker system. Further, intermittent separation of NH₃ and H₂S may enhance the lifetime of the hydroprocessing catalysts.

The crude conditioning section is designed to achieve four (4) goals. First, the crude conditioning section may be used to increase the concentration of paraffins and naphthenes in the crude. Second, the conditioning section may decrease the concentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) in the crude. Third, the conditioning section may reduce the final boiling point (FBP) of the crude to below 540° C. And, fourth, the conditioning section may minimize the vacuum residue fraction of the crude oil.

Embodiments herein, when conditioning the middle and/or heavy (deasphalted oil) fractions, may target conversion of the heavier hydrocarbons to form hydrocarbons lighter than diesel, for example. The hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts and operating conditions may thus be selected to target the conversion of the hydrocarbons in the respective fractions to primarily (>50 wt %) naphtha range hydrocarbons. The use of catalysts and operating conditions in the conditioning section to target lighter hydrocarbon products may enhance the operability of the steam cracker and the production of chemicals.

In some embodiments, conditioning of the heavy cut, such as a 490° C.+ cut, may result in conversion of at least 70 wt % of the compounds boiling in excess of 565° C. to lighter boiling compounds. Other embodiments may result in conversion of greater than 75 wt %, greater than 80 wt %, or greater than 85 wt % of the compounds boiling in excess of 565° C. to lighter boiling compounds.

In some embodiments, conditioning of the middle cut, such as a 160° C. to 490° C. cut, may result in conversion of greater than 50 wt % of the hydrocarbons therein to naphtha range hydrocarbons. In other embodiments, conditioning of the middle cut may result in conversion of greater than 55 wt %, greater than 60 wt %, or greater than 65 wt %, or greater than 70 wt % of the hydrocarbons therein to naphtha range hydrocarbons.

In some embodiments, collective conditioning of the middle cut and the heavy cut may result in an overall conversion of greater than 50 wt % of the hydrocarbons therein to naphtha range hydrocarbons. In other embodiments, conditioning of the middle cut and the heavy cut may result in conversion of greater than 55 wt %, greater than 60 wt %, or greater than 65 wt % of the hydrocarbons therein to naphtha range hydrocarbons.

As a result of such initial separations and conditioning, feeds to the steam cracker may be fed, in some embodiments, directly to the steam cracker without further processing. The light cut, having preferred properties, including one or more of boiling point, API, BMCI, hydrogen content, nitrogen content, sulfur content, viscosity, MCRT, or total metals content, may be fed directly to the steam cracker following separations in some embodiments. Effluents from the middle cut conditioning may also be fed directly to the steam cracker according to embodiments herein. Likewise, effluents from the heavy cut conditioning may be fed directly to the steam cracker in some embodiments.

The conditioning of the respective fractions as described herein may allow for the steam cracker, even while processing multiple feeds of varying boiling point ranges, to run for an extended period of time. In some embodiments, the steam cracker may be able to run for an uninterrupted run length of at least three years; at least four years in other embodiments; and at least five years in yet other embodiments.

Further, the initial hydrocarbon cut points, reactor sizes, catalysts, etc. may be adjusted or configured such that a run time of the steam cracker operations and conditioning processes may be aligned. For example, in the configuration of FIG. 1, further described below, a whole crude oil may be conditioned and the conditioned crude may then be steam cracked. The catalysts, reactor sizes, and conditions may be configured such that a run time of the conditioning unit is aligned with the run time of the steam cracker. Catalyst volumes, catalyst types, and reaction severity may all play a role in determining conditioning unit run times. Further, the extent of conditioning of the heavier hydrocarbons in the crude may impact coking in the thermal cracker. To maximize plant uptime, embodiments herein contemplate design and configuration of the overall system such that the conditioning system has a similar anticipated run time as the steam cracker for a given feedstock or a variety of anticipated feedstocks. Further, embodiments herein contemplate adjustment of reaction conditions (T, P, space velocity, etc.) in the conditioning section and/or the steam cracker based on a feedstock being processed, such that a run time of the conditioning section and the steam cracker are similar or aligned.

Alignment of run times may result in minimal downtime, such as where a catalyst turnover in a conditioning reactor is conducted concurrently with decoking of the steam cracker. Where the conditioning system includes multiple reactors or types of reactors, alignment of the run times may be based on the expected steam cracker performance. Further, where a hydrotreater, for example, may have a significantly longer run time than a hydrocracker in the conditioning section, parallel hydrocracking reactor trains and/or bypass processing may be used such that the overall run times of the conditioning and steam cracking units may be aligned.

Bypass processing may include, for example, temporarily processing a 490° C.+ cut in a reactor normally processing a lighter feedstock. The heavier feedstock is anticipated to have more severe conditions and shorter catalyst life, and thus temporarily processing the heavies in a mid-range hydrocarbons conditioning reactor during a heavies catalyst change may allow the whole crude feed to continue to be fed to the steam cracker, without a shutdown, while the heavies conditioning reactor catalyst is replaced. Configuration of the mid-range conditioning reactors may also take into account the anticipated bypass processing when designing the overall system for aligned run times.

The following are brief descriptions of the configurations to produce olefins and/or aromatics disclosed herein. The block flow diagrams for the various configurations detailed are further described below in relation to FIGS. 1-3.

In some embodiments, an overall thermal crude to chemicals configuration according to embodiments herein may initially separate the wide boiling range hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction, a medium boiling fraction, such as a 160-490° C. fraction, and a heavies fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fractions using an integrated separation device. The medium boiling fraction may then be conditioning in a fixed bed reactor system with a hydroprocessing catalysts system. The heavies fraction, optionally with pyrolysis oil produced by the steam cracker, may be conditioned in a residue hydrocracking unit, such as an LC-FINING or LC-SLURRY process. The resulting conditioned heavies stream may then be separated to form a light conditioned fraction, such as a 490° C.− fraction, and a heavy conditioned fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fraction. The 490° C.− fraction of the residue hydrotreated product may then be further conditioned along with the medium boiling fraction in a fixed bed reactor system. The resulting fractions of the conditioned crude may then be fed for steam cracking in steam cracking furnaces of varying severity, according to the preferred cracking temperatures for the respective fractions. The unconverted fraction from the resid upgrading process may be hydroprocessed further to produce ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO).

In other embodiments, an overall thermal crude to chemicals configuration according to embodiments herein may initially separate the wide boiling range hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction, a medium boiling fraction, such as a 160-490° C. fraction, and a heavies fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fractions using an integrated separation device. The medium boiling fraction may then be conditioned in a fixed bed reactor system with a hydroprocessing catalysts system. The heavies fraction may be conditioned in a residue hydrocracking unit, such as an LC-FINING or LC-SLURRY process. The resulting conditioned heavies stream may then be separated to form a light conditioned fraction, such as a 490° C.− fraction, and a heavy conditioned fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fraction. The 490° C.− fraction of the residue hydrotreated product may then be fed to a solvent deasphalting unit to separate pitch from a deasphalted oil fraction. The deasphalted oil and the pyrolysis oil from the steam cracker may be conditioned in a residue hydrocracking unit, such as an LC-FINING or LC-SLURRY process. The light conditioned fraction from each of the first and second stage residue hydrocracking units may be further conditioned along with the medium boiling fraction in a fixed bed reactor system. The resulting fractions of the conditioned crude may then be fed for steam cracking in steam cracking furnaces of varying severity, according to the preferred cracking temperatures for the respective fractions.

In yet other embodiments, an overall thermal crude to chemicals configuration according to embodiments herein may initially separate the wide boiling range hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction, a medium boiling fraction, such as a 160-490° C. fraction, and a heavies fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fractions using an integrated separation device. The medium boiling fraction may then be conditioning in a fixed bed reactor system with a hydroprocessing catalysts system. The heavies fraction, optionally with pyrolysis oil from the steam cracker, may be conditioned in a residue hydrocracking unit, such as an LC-FINING or LC-SLURRY process. The resulting conditioned heavies stream may then be separated to form a light conditioned fraction, such as a 490° C.− fraction, and a heavy conditioned fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fraction. The conditioned medium boiling fraction may also undergo separations to remove ammonia and/or hydrogen sulfide, and may then be separated, such as using an integrated separation device, into two or more fractions, including a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction, a medium fraction, such as a 160° C. to 360° C. fraction, and an unconverted oil (UCO) fraction. The 490° C.− fraction of the residue hydrotreated product (conditioned heavies fraction) and the medium fraction (160° C. to 360° C. fraction from medium boiling range conditioning) may then be fed to a third fixed bed conditioning unit to further condition the mid and heavy range hydrocarbons for steam cracking. The resulting effluent may also be separated into light and heavy portions, such as a 160° C.− fraction and a 160° C.+ fraction, where the heavy portion may be returned to the third fixed bed conditioning unit to form further naphtha range hydrocarbons suitable for thermal cracking. In the third fixed bed conditioning unit, the streams may be reacted to reduce an aromatics content of the hydrocarbons therein. The light conditioned fraction from each of the first and third stage conditioning units may then be fed along with the straight run light fraction and the UCO for steam cracking in steam cracking furnaces of varying severity, according to the preferred cracking temperatures for the respective fractions. The unconverted fraction from the resid upgrading process may be hydroprocessed further to produce ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO).

Referring now to FIG. 1, a simplified process flow diagram of a system for converting whole crudes and heavy hydrocarbons according to embodiments herein is illustrated.

A wide boiling range heavy hydrocarbon feed, such as a desalted crude 1, may be fed to a separation system 3. Separation system 3 may be an integrated separation device (ISD), as described above and including separation and heat integration, for example. In separation system 3, the desalted crude 1 may be separated into three fractions, including: (a) a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction 5 that does not require any conditioning and can be used as feed to the steam cracker section 7; (b) a mid range fraction, such as a 160° C. to 490° C. fraction 9; and (c) and a heavy fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fraction 11. Other cut points may also be used to route the desired fractions and hydrocarbons therein to desired units for conditioning and/or cracking. Steam cracker section 7 may be used to thermally crack the 160° C.− fraction, among other feeds discussed below, to form chemicals 13, such as ethylene, propylene, and butenes, which may be recovered collectively or as individual streams, as well as a higher boiling pyrolysis oil fraction 15.

The 490° C.+ fraction 11 and the pyrolysis oil fraction 15 may be fed to a first conditioning system 17, which may include one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors to at least partially convert the 490° C.+ fraction and the pyrolysis oil to produce a conditioned hydrocarbon stream 19. For example, the 490° C.+ stream may be processed in a residue hydrocracking reactor system 17, which may include one or more reactors, such as utilizing an ebullated bed extrudate catalyst or slurry catalyst, to convert hydrocarbons therein into 490° C.− boiling compounds. Stream 19 may then be fed to a second separation system 21, such as a second ISD, which may separate the lighter, conditioned hydrocarbons in stream 19 from heavier hydrocarbons, such as a resid fraction, that may be unsuitable for processing in the steam cracker. The resid fraction may be recovered from the separation system 21 via flow line 23, and may be upgraded in an integrated hydrotreater 25, such as a fixed bed hydrodesulfurization unit, to form an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) stream 27. Separation system 21 may also provide a light fraction 29, such as a hydrocarbon fraction having an end point in the range from about 160° C. to about 490° C., where heavies stream 23 may have a corresponding initial boiling point, such as 490° C.+ hydrocarbons.

The medium boiling fraction 9 and the light fraction 29 may be fed to a second conditioning section 31 to produce a highly paraffinic stream 33 suitable for processing in the steam cracking section 7 for producing chemical streams 13, such as ethylene, propylene, and butene, among others, as well as a higher boiling pyrolysis oil fraction 15, as noted above. The first conditioning section 17 and the second conditioning section 31 may be the same or different, and may include one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors.

In some embodiments, conditioning reactors 17, 31 may include hydrotreating catalysts (first stage conditioning) and/or hydrocracking catalysts (second stage conditioning). Further, in some embodiments, the first stage conditioning may include a reactor zone containing a residue desulfurization catalyst. The hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors may include catalysts for metals removal, nitrogen removal, and the hydroprocessing in these reactors may overall add hydrogen to the hydrocarbon components being conditioned, making them easier to process downstream to produce chemicals. The fixed bed catalyst system in the conditioning zone, for example, may contain different layers of demetalizing, hydrotreating and mesoporous zeolite hydrocracking catalysts to optimize the conversion of the heavy materials to a balance between a highly paraffinic stream that is suitable for olefins production and a rich in aromatics stream that is suitable for aromatics production.

In some embodiments, the 490° C.+ fraction 11 may be fed to a residue hydrocracker 17. Processing of 490° C.+ hydrocarbons in the residue hydrocracker may enhance the conversion of low value streams to high value products. Resid hydrocracking may be performed in a fixed bed residue hydrocracker, an ebullated bed reactor, such as an LC-FINING or LC-MAX reactor system available from Lummus Technology, as well as LC-SLURRY reactors, available from Chevron Lummus Global.

The additional 490° C.− material in stream 29 may be treated in a fixed bed hydrotreating reactor, which may be the same reactor used to condition the mid cut 9, or, in some embodiments, may be a separate fixed bed hydrotreating reactor that may contain a catalyst tailored to effectively condition the once-converted hydrocarbons received from the residue hydrocracking. The reaction products 33 from the hydrotreated 160-490° C. stream 9 and the hydrotreated 490° C.− resid hydrocracker effluent 29 may then be processed in a fixed bed hydrocracking reactor, producing a feedstock 33 suitable for processing in steam cracker section 7 for conversion into light olefins and other valuable chemicals.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a simplified process flow diagram of a system for converting whole crudes and heavy hydrocarbons according to embodiments herein is illustrated, where like numerals represent like parts. In this embodiment, the desalted whole crude 1 is processed similar to that as described above for FIG. 1, separated to form a light fraction 5, a mid cut 9, and a heavies fraction 11. In this embodiment, the heavy fraction 11 is fed to a first stage residue hydrocracking system 17A, and the pyrolysis oil stream 15 is fed to a second stage residue hydrocracking system 17B for co-processing with a deasphalted oil recovered from solvent deasphalting system 37.

A wide boiling range heavy hydrocarbon feed, such as a desalted crude 1, may be fed to a separation system 3. Separation system 3 may be an integrated separation device (ISD), as described above, for example. In separation system 3, the desalted crude 1 may be separated into three fractions, including: (a) a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction 5 that does not require any conditioning and can be used as feed to the steam cracker section 7; and (b) a mid range fraction, such as a 160° C. to 490° C. fraction 9; and (c) and a heavy fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fraction 11. Other cut points may also be used to route the desired fractions and hydrocarbons therein to desired units for conditioning and/or cracking. Steam cracker section 7 may be used to thermally crack the 160° C.− fraction, among other feeds discussed below, to form chemicals 13, such as ethylene, propylene, and butenes, which may be recovered collectively or as individual streams, as well as a higher boiling pyrolysis oil fraction 15.

The 490° C.+ fraction 11 may be fed to a first conditioning system 17A, which may include one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors to at least partially convert the 490° C.+ fraction to produce a conditioned hydrocarbon stream 19A. For example, the 490° C.+ stream may be processed in a residue hydrocracking reactor system 17, which may include one or more reactors, such as utilizing an ebullated bed extrudate catalyst or slurry catalyst, to convert hydrocarbons therein into 490° C.− boiling compounds.

The pyrolysis oil fraction 15 may be fed to a second conditioning system 17B, which may include one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors to at least partially convert the pyrolysis oil fraction to produce a conditioned hydrocarbon stream 19B. For example, the pyrolysis oil stream may be processed in a residue hydrocracking reactor system 17B, which may include one or more reactors, such as utilizing an ebullated bed extrudate catalyst or slurry catalyst, to convert hydrocarbons therein into 490° C.− boiling compounds.

Streams 19A and 19B may then be fed to a second separation system 21, such as a second ISD, which may separate the lighter, conditioned hydrocarbons in streams 19A and 19B from heavier hydrocarbons, such as a resid fraction, that may be unsuitable for processing in the steam cracker. The resid fraction may be recovered from the separation system 21 via flow line 23, and may be fed to a solvent deasphalting unit 37. In deasphalting unit 37, the resid fraction 23 may be processed to recover a deasphalted oil 39 and a pitch fraction 41. In some embodiments, pitch fraction 41 may be fed to an integrated hydrotreater (not shown), such as a fixed bed hydrodesulfurization unit, to form an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) stream. Deasphalted oil fraction 39 may be fed to second stage resid hydrocracking reactor system 17B, for conversion along with the pyrolysis oil to form additional upgradeable hydrocarbons.

Separation system 21 may also provide a light fraction 29, such as a hydrocarbon fraction having an end point in the range from about 160° C. to about 490° C., where heavies stream 23 may have a corresponding initial boiling point, such as 490° C.+ hydrocarbons. The medium boiling fraction 9 and the light fraction 29 may be fed to a second conditioning section 31 to produce a highly paraffinic stream 33 suitable for processing in the steam cracking section 7 for producing chemical streams 23, such as ethylene, propylene, and butenes, among others, as well as a higher boiling pyrolysis oil fraction 15, as noted above. The first conditioning section 17 and the second conditioning section 31 may be the same or different, and may include one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors.

In some embodiments, conditioning reactors 17A, 17B, 31 may include hydrotreating catalysts (first stage conditioning) and/or hydrocracking catalysts (second stage conditioning). Further, in some embodiments, the first stage conditioning may include a reactor zone containing a residue desulfurization catalyst. The hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors may include catalysts for metals removal, nitrogen removal, and the hydroprocessing in these reactors may overall add hydrogen to the hydrocarbon components being conditioned, making them easier to process downstream to produce chemicals. The fixed bed catalyst system in the conditioning zone, for example, may contain different layers of demetalizing, hydrotreating and mesoporous zeolite hydrocracking catalysts to optimize the conversion of the heavy materials to a balance between a highly paraffinic stream that is suitable for olefins production and a rich in aromatics stream that is suitable for aromatics production.

In some embodiments, the 490° C.+ fraction 11 may be fed to a residue hydrocracker 17. Processing of 490° C.+ hydrocarbons in the residue hydrocracker may enhance the conversion of low value streams to high value products. Resid hydrocracking may be performed in a fixed bed residue hydrocracker, an ebullated bed reactor, such as an LC-FINING or LC-MAX reactor system available from Lummus Technology, as well as LC-SLURRY reactors, available from Chevron Lummus Global.

The additional 490° C.− material in stream 29 may be treated in a fixed bed hydrotreating reactor, which may be the same reactor used to condition the mid cut 9, or, in some embodiments, may be a separate fixed bed hydrotreating reactor that may contain a catalyst tailored to effectively condition the once-converted hydrocarbons received from the residue hydrocracking. The reaction products 33 from the hydrotreated 160-490° C. stream 9 and the hydrotreated 490° C.− resid hydrocracker effluent 29 may then be processed in a fixed bed hydrocracking reactor, producing a feedstock 33 suitable for processing in steam cracker section 7 for conversion into light olefins and other valuable chemicals.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a simplified process flow diagram of a system for converting whole crudes and heavy hydrocarbons according to embodiments herein is illustrated, where like numerals represent like parts. A wide boiling range heavy hydrocarbon feed, such as a desalted crude 1, may be fed to a separation system 3. Similar to the processing in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, separation system 3 may be an integrated separation device (ISD), as described above, in which the desalted crude 1 may be separated into three fractions, including: (a) a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction 5 that does not require any conditioning and can be used as feed to the steam cracker section 7; and (b) a mid range fraction, such as a 160° C. to 490° C. fraction 9; and (c) and a heavy fraction, such as a 490° C.+ fraction 11. Other cut points may also be used to route the desired fractions and hydrocarbons therein to desired units for conditioning and/or cracking. Steam cracker section 7 may be used to thermally crack the 160° C.− fraction, among other feeds discussed below, to form chemicals 13, such as ethylene, propylene, and butenes, which may be recovered collectively or as individual streams, as well as a higher boiling pyrolysis oil fraction 15.

The 490° C.+ fraction 11 and the pyrolysis oil fraction 15 may be fed to a first conditioning system 17, which may include one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors to at least partially convert the 490° C.+ fraction and the pyrolysis oil to produce a conditioned hydrocarbon stream 19. For example, the 490° C.+ stream may be processed in a residue hydrocracking reactor system 17, which may include one or more reactors, such as utilizing an ebullated bed extrudate catalyst or slurry catalyst, to convert hydrocarbons therein into 490° C.− boiling compounds. Stream 19 may then be fed to a second separation system 21, such as a second ISD, which may separate the lighter, conditioned hydrocarbons in stream 19 from heavier hydrocarbons, such as a resid fraction, that may be unsuitable for processing in the steam cracker. The resid fraction may be recovered from the separation system 21 via flow line 23, and may be upgraded in an integrated hydrotreater 25, such as a fixed bed hydrodesulfurization unit, to form an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) stream 27. Separation system 21 may also provide a light fraction 29, such as a hydrocarbon fraction having an end point in the range from about 160° C. to about 490° C., where heavies stream 23 may have a corresponding initial boiling point, such as 490° C.+ hydrocarbons.

The medium boiling fraction 9 may be fed to a fixed bed conditioning system 45 to produce a highly paraffinic stream 47 containing hydrocarbons suitable for processing in the steam cracking section 7 for producing additional chemicals 13. Following conversion, the effluent from reaction zone 45 may undergo one or more intermediate separation stages 49, which may be used to separate ammonia and/or hydrogen sulfide 51 from the effluent. The hydrocarbons in the effluent may then be forwarded via flow line 53 to an integrated separation device 55.

Separation system 55 may be used to separate the upgraded mid-range hydrocarbons into three fractions, including: (a) a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction 57 that does not require any further conditioning and can be used as feed to the steam cracker section 7; (b) a mid range fraction, such as a 160° C. to 360° C. fraction 59; and (c) a heavy fraction, such as a 360° C.+ fraction 61, which may include unconverted hydrocarbons from the mid-range fraction 9. Other cut points may also be used to route the desired fractions and hydrocarbons therein to desired units for conditioning and/or cracking.

The light fraction 29 and the unconverted oil fraction 61 may be fed to a second conditioning section 63 to produce a highly paraffinic hydrocarbon containing stream 65, including hydrocarbons suitable for processing in the steam cracking section 7 for producing additional chemicals recovered via streams 13, such as ethylene, propylene, and butenes, among others, as well as a higher boiling pyrolysis oil fraction 15, as noted above.

Following conditioning in second conditioning section 63, the effluent 65 may be fed to another separation system 67, such as an ISD, for separation of the upgraded hydrocarbons into at least two fractions, including (a) a light fraction, such as a 160° C.− fraction 69 that does not require any further conditioning and can be used as feed to the steam cracker section 7; and (b) a heavy fraction, such as a 160° C.+ fraction 71, which may include unconverted hydrocarbons from the fractions 29, 61. Other cut points may also be used to route the desired fractions and hydrocarbons therein to desired units for conditioning and/or cracking.

In some embodiments, conditioning reactors 17, 45, 63 may include hydrotreating catalysts (first stage conditioning) and/or hydrocracking catalysts (second stage conditioning). Further, in some embodiments, the first stage conditioning may include a reactor zone containing a residue desulfurization catalyst. The hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors may include catalysts for metals removal, nitrogen removal, and the hydroprocessing in these reactors may overall add hydrogen to the hydrocarbon components being conditioned, making them easier to process downstream to produce chemicals. The fixed bed catalyst system in the conditioning zone, for example, may contain different layers of demetalizing, hydrotreating and mesoporous zeolite hydrocracking catalysts to optimize the conversion of the heavy materials to a balance between a highly paraffinic stream that is suitable for olefins production and a rich in aromatics stream that is suitable for aromatics production.

In some embodiments, the 490° C.+ fraction 11 may be fed to a residue hydrocracker 17. Processing of 490° C.+ hydrocarbons in the residue hydrocracker may enhance the conversion of low value streams to high value products. Resid hydrocracking may be performed in a fixed bed residue hydrocracker, an ebullated bed reactor, such as an LC-FINING or LC-MAX reactor system available from Lummus Technology, as well as LC-SLURRY reactors, available from Chevron Lummus Global.

As described above in relation to FIG. 1, the fixed bed conditioning systems may be used to condition the 490° C.+ fraction 11 separately from the 160-490° C. mid cut stream 9, while the second fixed bed conditioning system 32 may be used to condition a combined 160-490° C. mid cut and a partially conditioned and separated 490° C.+ fraction 29, which may have a similar boiling range, 160-490° C. In some embodiments, the streams 9, 29 may be processed in the same or similar hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactors in conditioning systems 31. However, it has been found that, due to the nature of the feed compounds for various crudes, processing in a single reaction train may result in a stream with molecules that contain more aromatic rings than the molecules in straight run Arab Light or Arab Extra Light crudes in the same boiling range. As a result, more severe hydrotreating conditions may be necessary to sufficiently saturate the molecules, which has a negative impact on hydrotreating catalyst life and/or capital investment. If the partially conditioned fraction 29 is co-processed with the straight run 160-490° C. fraction 9 in the first conditioning system 31, the turnaround time for a single hydrotreating train may drop undesirably, and/or a spare hydrotreating train may be required to provide a steady stream of feed to the steam cracking section while the hydrotreating catalyst system is undergoing regeneration and/or replacement. The aforementioned would also be applicable to other types of crude, such as desalted oils, condensate, biogenic oil, synthesis crude, tight oil, heavy hydrocarbons, reconstituted crudes, and bitumen derived oils.

To alleviate the issues of catalyst life/turnaround time, the fixed bed hydrotreating step may be split. For example, a first conditioning system 31 may be provided to process the straight run 160-490° C. fraction 9, and a second conditioning system 31 may be provided for processing the partially conditioned fraction 29. Generally, the reactors in the first conditioning system may have less frequent turnaround time than that of reactors in the second conditioning system which may have more frequent turnarounds to replace catalyst, but the straight run 160-490° C. and partially conditioned fraction could be combined to the first conditioning system, for example, so as to not require a spare reactor train for uptime. As a temporary diversion of feed, the impact on either reactor train would be minimal, and thus conditioning systems could be designed to hydrotreat and/or hydrocrack both the straight run 160-490° C. and partially conditioned fractions such that process downtime during turnarounds in either the first or second conditioning systems may be reduced. Further, the turnaround time for the first conditioning system may be configured to be in sync with that of the steam cracker furnaces.

As noted above, various feedstocks may allow the cut points to be increased, such as raising the mid/high cut point from 490° C. to 545° C. in some embodiments. The same may be true with respect to processing in the solvent deasphalting system, where higher boiling point hydrocarbons may be recovered with the deasphalted oil and fed to the hydrotreating reactor for conversion into feedstocks suitable for steam cracking. However, with respect to processing of the high boiling fraction (e.g., 490° C.+ or 545° C.+ fraction) in the solvent deasphalting system, it has been found that a lower cut point may be more favorable, as a cut point that is too high may require the use of a cutter oil to produce the ULSFO.

Other low value refinery streams may also be processed according to embodiments herein to produce ultimately higher value products. Such streams include some or all of the following types of hydrocarbons: (i) Light cycle oil (LCO), such as LCO that is produced from FCC unit, which can be processed with the 160-490° C. fraction; (ii) a Slurry Oil, such as a slurry oil that is produced from an FCC unit, which can be processed with the 490° C.+ hydrocarbons; (iii) pitch, such as a pitch that is produced from a solvent deasphalting unit, which can be processed in the first conditioning system with the 490° C.+ hydrocarbons; and/or (iv) a Pyrolysis fuel oil (Pyoil), such as a pyrolysis fuel oil that is produced from a stream cracker, including pyrolysis fuel oil stream 25 from steam cracker 7, which stream can be processed with the 490° C.+ hydrocarbons. Other various hydrocarbon streams of similar boiling ranges may also be co-processed to produce petrochemicals in systems disclosed herein, where such streams may include light naphthas, heavy naphthas, crude oils, atmospheric residues, vacuum residues, synthetic crude oils, and other hydrocarbon streams containing heavy hydrocarbons. The cut points may also be varied in any of the ISDs to account for varying feedstock quality (i.e., metals, asphaltenes, and CCRs). In embodiments where the desalted crude has low contaminants, the initial cut points may be higher (i.e., above 160° C.), thereby reducing the operational load on the catalysts in the one or more condition systems. Alternatively, in embodiments where the desalted crude is high in contaminants, the initial cut points may be lower (i.e., below 160° C.), thereby feeding more of the hydrocarbons through a plurality of conditions systems and a second ISD for hydrotreatment and/or removal of undesirable heavy components, and thereby increasing the amount of naphtha range hydrocarbons being fed to steam cracking.

As described briefly above, embodiments herein may allow for the direct cracking of crude oil to chemicals, forming light hydrocarbons like ethylene and propylene, in an economically viable manner, without passing through the conventional refining steps. Additionally, direct conversion of crude oil to chemicals may help close the widening supply-demand gap for key building blocks normally produced as co-products (propylene, butadiene) due to the increasing shift toward cracking lighter feedstock spurred by the shale gas revolution.

Integration of processing units according to embodiments herein may provide the unique potential for upgrading whole crudes, such as Arab Light crude and Arab Extra Light crude, along with low value refinery streams, such as Pyrolysis Oil (PyOil), slurry oil and Light Cycle Oil (LCO), into higher value chemical products. While conditioning of the feeds according to embodiments herein adds hydrogen to the feed components, and the hydrogen consumption is an added expense to the plant, the overall benefits in producing chemicals, rather than fuels, outweighs this added expense. The aforementioned would also be applicable to other types of crude, such as desalted oils, condensate, biogenic oil, synthesis crude, tight oil, heavy hydrocarbons, reconstituted crudes, and bitumen derived oils.

In other embodiments, an optional aromatics complex may be included. For example, an aromatics complex may be used to convert the 160° C.-490° C. fraction, or a portion thereof, to aromatics. For example, a mid-cut such as 160° C. to 240° C. fraction may be processed to convert a portion of the hydrocarbons therein to aromatics, while the heavies may be fed to the steam cracker for conversion to chemicals. The aromatics complex feedstock generated via initial processing and conditioning according to embodiments herein may permit various processors to discontinue importing full range naphtha (FRN).

Further, in some embodiments, the pyrolysis oil generated in the steam cracking unit may be separated to recover a pyrolysis gasoline fraction, and one or more heavies fractions, such as a pyrolysis gas oil fraction and a pyrolysis fuel oil fraction. The lighter pyrolysis gasoline faction may be fed to an aromatics unit, while the heavier fractions may be used to form an ULSFO, as noted above.

As described with respect to FIGS. 1-3, separation system 3 may be as illustrated in FIG. 4, including separation and heat integration. After desalting, the crude 1 may be further preheated in the convection section of a heater 500 to product a preheated crude 502. The preheated crude 502 may be fed to a separator 504 which may facilitate the separation of the 160° C.− fraction 5 from heavier components, recovered in stream 506.

The remaining 160° C.+ crude fraction 506 may be fed to pump 508, which produces a pressurized 160° C.+ crude fraction 510, which may then be fed to a heat exchanger 512. ISD heat exchanger 512 may preheat the 160° C.+ crude fraction 510 against hot hydrogen stripper bottoms 520, producing a pressurized and pre-heated 160° C.+ crude fraction 514. The pressurized and pre-heated 160° C.+ crude fraction 514 may then be fed back to the heater 500, where it is heated to facilitate the separation of a 160-490° C. fraction from a heavier 490° C.+ fraction. The heated 160° C.+ crude fraction 516 may then be fed to a hot hydrogen stripper 518. In the hot hydrogen stripper 518, the 160° C.+ crude fraction is further separated into a 160-490° C. fraction 9 and the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms 520, which contains heavier 490° C.+ hydrocarbons. The hot hydrogen stripper bottoms 520, after being cooled via indirect heat exchange in heat exchanger 512 against the pressurized 160° C.+ crude fraction 510, may be removed from the separation system 3 as the 490° C.+ fraction 11.

The hot hydrogen stripper 518 may utilize a hydrogen feed 522 as the stripping medium. The hot hydrogen stripper 518 may be operated to provide broad flexibility, based on the nature of the crude feedstock that is being processed. The stripper overheads, which is the 160-490° C. fraction 9, may be cooled, to recover hydrogen, and routed to the intermediate hydroprocessing reaction stages as appropriate, and as described with respect with FIGS. 1-3. The recovered hydrogen may be fed to a downstream pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit (not shown), after amine treatment (not shown), to improve the hydrogen purity. The PSA hydrogen product may be compressed in a make-up hydrogen compressor (not shown) to provide the make-up hydrogen for the one or more hydroprocessing reactors (FIGS. 1-3), and as hot hydrogen feed 522.

The hot hydrogen stripper bottoms product 520 (such as a 490° C.+ cut) contains the most difficult compounds which must be handled in the crude, including asphaltenes, metals, and CCR. The excessive amount of metals, CCR, and asphaltenes in the high boiling residue fraction leads to rapid fouling of catalyst and increase of pressure drop in fixed bed down-flow reactors, limiting both conversion and catalyst run length. After cooling against the pressurized 160° C.+ crude fraction 510, the 490° C.+ stream 11 may be recovered and processed in a liquid circulation, ebullated bed residue hydrocracker, as described in FIGS. 1-3, along with any additional low value refinery streams, such as a pyoil stream and/or slurry oil stream.

By adjusting the amount of hydrogen 522 fed to the hot hydrogen stripper 518, as well as the operating conditions of the hot hydrogen stripper 518 and heater 500, the hydrocarbon cut points may be adjusted such that the light-cut 5 may be fed directly to the downstream steam cracker, and the mid-cut 9 may have little to no deleterious compounds that would rapidly foul the fixed bed conditioning reactors. In this way, the separation system 3 (with the hot hydrogen stripper 518) may concentrate the most difficult to process hydrocarbons in the heavy-cut 11 which may be fed to the ebullated bed reactors which may be operated at the most severe conditions, thereby preserving the catalysts in the steam cracker and fix bed conditioning reactors.

Embodiments herein provide a strategic combination of crude feed preparation, crude separation, crude conditioning, and steam cracking technology to maximize the yield of high value chemicals. The crude conditioning section employs a combination of fixed bed hydroprocessing and liquid circulation to condition the crude into a suitable steam cracker feed and to upgrade the low value refinery streams. Embodiments herein may achieve a yield of chemicals in the range of 60% to 90% of the whole crude feedstock, for example.

After desalting, the crude may be segregated into three cuts, including: a 160° C.− stream; a 160-490° C. stream; and a 490° C.+ stream. The 160° C.− stream does not require upgrading, and thus can be directly routed as steam cracker. The 160-490° C. stream is easily handled in a fixed bed hydroprocessing reaction system, in which the feed is hydrotreated and converted to naphtha, making an ideal steam cracker feedstock.

Embodiments herein may employ one or more hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking reactions, and an integrated separation device, to remove the pitch (asphaltenes) and metals, thereby increasing the runtime of the conversion process without fouling the reactors. In some embodiments, the pitch, asphaltenes, and metals may be fed to a delayed coking unit to recover the carbon that is contained in these streams.

Embodiments herein may provide upstream processing to process whole crude and other wide boiling range hydrocarbons in a steam cracker, where embodiments of the overall integrated processes may be configured to have a common run time. This may be done by having fail-over, or cut-over, from one conditioning system to the other in order to minimize total system downtime during catalyst regeneration, maintenance, or cleaning. Further, such embodiments may eliminate the need for parallel reaction trains or redundant process units, in both the mid-range hydrocarbon processing and the high boiling residue processing, for use during catalyst regeneration.

Further, the hydrotreating and hydrocracking reactors in each of the first and second conditioning systems may be sized to have run-times similar to the steam cracking unit. Such configurations may additionally allow for reduced down-time as cleaning, maintenance, and catalyst regeneration may be accomplished all at once across multiple reaction systems. Without such design considerations, operations may have increased downtime while reactors in the first conditioning system, for example, are taken offline for catalyst regeneration while the catalysts in the second conditioning system still have >50% catalyst life.

Additionally, avoiding entrainment of heavy materials in the front end separations may lower costs, and may result in less complex flow schemes as illustrated and described herein. Further, the avoidance of entrainment may ensure the operability and processability in the crude conditioning systems and steam cracker, allowing for lower overall capital expense while achieving a high yield of chemicals. As described above, embodiments herein may separate a desalted crude or other wide boiling hydrocarbons into various fractions to effectively condition the respective fractions to form a feedstock suitable for conversion in a steam cracker. Because of the wide range of feedstocks that may be processed according to embodiments herein, depending upon the feedstock, conditioning catalysts, reactor volumes, and other factors for a given installation, it may be more preferential to base the specific cut points based on one or more additional properties of the feedstock. For example, the specific cut points may be adjusted based on one or more properties or additional properties of the crude feedstock, such as API gravity, Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (BMCI), hydrogen content, nitrogen content, sulfur content, viscosity, microcarbon residue (MCRT), and/or total metals, among other feedstock properties.

Various feedstocks useful in embodiments herein, such as crude oils, desalted oils, condensate, biogenic oil, synthetic crude, tight oil, heavy hydrocarbons, reconstituted crude and bitumen derived oil may have one or more of the following properties, including: an API gravity between 4 and 60°, a BMCI of 20 to 85, a hydrogen content of 9.0 to 14.5 wt % (or 90,000 to 145,000 ppm), a nitrogen content of 0.02 to 0.95 wt % (or 200 to 9,500 ppm), a sulfur content of 0.009 to 6.0 wt % (or 90 to 60,000 ppm), a viscosity, at 40° C., of 95 to 5500 centistokes (cSt), a MCRT of 5 to 35 wt %, and/or may have a total metals content of <1 to 1000 ppm.

The initial crude separations may be conducted and adjusted in order to have the light-, mid-, and heavy-cuts have specific properties, such that the light-cut may go to the steam cracker with no, or minimal, intermediate processing. Further, the mid to heavy cuts may be conducted and adjusted in order to have the mid-cut and heavy-cut have appropriate and/or favorable feed properties and hydrocarbon species so as to be effectively and efficiently conditioned in the mid and heavy conditioning reactors.

BMCI

In some embodiments, the light cut may have a BMCI of less than 20. In other embodiments, the light cut may have a BMCI of less than 15. In yet other embodiments, the light cut may have a BMCI of less than 10 or even less than 5. In some embodiments, the mid cut may have a BMCI of less than 40, such as less than 35, less than 30, or less than 25. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have a BMCI of greater than 30, such as greater than 35, greater than 40, greater than 45, greater than 50, or greater than 55.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a light cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 90° C. to about 300° C., for example, may have a BMCI of less than 20; in other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 110° C. or up to about 250° C., for example, the light cut may have a BMCI of less than 10; in yet other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 130° C. or up to about 220° C., for example, the light cut may have a BMCI of less than 5. In some embodiments where the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point below about 160° C., the light cut may have a BMCI of less than 5. While the BMCI may vary for the different feeds at any given cut temperature, a low BMCI, such as less than 10 or less than 5, for example, has been found to improve the processability of the light hydrocarbons in the steam pyrolysis unit without the need for intermediate processing. Light cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a BMCI of less than 10, for example, and may target a BMCI of less than 6 or less than 5.5 for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have a BMCI of between about 5 and 50. For example, the mid cut may have a BMCI of between a lower limit of 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 to an upper limit of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, or 50. A mid-cut having a BMCI of between 10 and 30, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Mid-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a BMCI in the range from about 20 to about 30, for example, and may target a BMCI in the range from about 15 to about 30 for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a BMCI of greater than 30. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a BMCI of greater than 40. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a BMCI of greater than 50. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a BMCI of greater than 55. A heavy-cut having a BMCI of greater than about 40, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Heavy-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a BMCI in the range from about 50 to about 60, for example, and may target a BMCI in the range from about 25 to about 40 for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

API

In some embodiments, the light cut may have an API gravity of greater than 10°. In other embodiments, the light cut may have an API gravity of greater than 15°. In yet other embodiments, the light cut may have an API gravity of greater than 20°, greater than 30°, or even greater than 40°. In some embodiments, the mid cut may have an API gravity of greater than 10° and less than 40°, such as from a lower limit of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, or 30° to an upper limit of 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, or 50°. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have an API gravity of less than 40°, such as less than 35°, less than 25°, less than 20°, less than 15°, or less than 10°.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a light cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 300° C., for example, may have an API gravity of greater than 10°; in other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 250° C., for example, the light cut may have an API gravity of greater than 20°; in yet other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 220° C., for example, the light cut may have an API gravity of greater than 40°. In some embodiments where the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point below about 160° C., the light cut may have a API gravity of greater than 60°. While the API gravity may vary for the different feeds at any given cut temperature, an API gravity, such as greater than 40°, greater than 50°, or greater than 60°, for example, has been found to improve the processability of the light hydrocarbons in the steam pyrolysis unit without the need for intermediate processing. Light cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target an API gravity of greater than 65°, for example, and may target an API gravity of greater than 60° for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have an API gravity of between about 5° and 50°. For example, the mid cut may have an API gravity of between a lower limit of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, or 25° to an upper limit of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 40°, or 50°. A mid-cut having an API gravity of between 20° and 40°, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Mid-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target an API gravity in the range from about 30° to about 35°, for example, and may target an API gravity in the range from about 35° to about 40° for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have an API gravity of less than about 40°. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have an API gravity of less than about 20°. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have an API gravity of less than about 10°. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have an API gravity of less than 7°, for example. A heavy-cut having an API gravity of less than about 20°, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Heavy-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target an API gravity in the range from about 5° to about 10°, for example, and may target an API gravity in the range from about 10° to about 20° for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

Hydrogen Content

In some embodiments, the light cut may have a hydrogen content of greater than 12 wt %. In other embodiments, the light cut may have a hydrogen content of greater than 13 wt %. In yet other embodiments, the light cut may have a hydrogen content of greater than 13.5 wt %, greater than 14 wt %, or even greater than 15 wt %. In some embodiments, the mid cut may have a hydrogen content of greater than 11 wt % and less than 14 wt %, such as from a lower limit of 11, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, or 13.0 wt % to an upper limit of 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, or 14.5 wt %. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have a hydrogen content of less than 13 wt %, such as less than 12.5 wt %, less than 12 wt %, less than 11.5 wt %, or less than 11 wt %.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a light cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 300° C., for example, may have an hydrogen content of greater than 13 wt %; in other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 250° C., for example, the light cut may have an hydrogen content of greater than 13.5 wt %; in yet other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 220° C., for example, the light cut may have an hydrogen content of greater than 14.0 wt %. In some embodiments where the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point below about 160° C., the light cut may have a hydrogen content of greater than 14.5 wt %. While the hydrogen content may vary for the different feeds at any given cut temperature, a hydrogen content, such as greater than 13 wt %, greater than 14 wt %, or greater than 14.5 wt %, for example, has been found to improve the processability of the light hydrocarbons in the steam pyrolysis unit without the need for intermediate processing. Light cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a hydrogen content of greater than 14.5 wt %, for example, and may target a hydrogen content of greater than 14 wt % for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have a hydrogen content of between about 11.5 wt % and 14.5 wt %. A mid-cut having a hydrogen content of between 12 wt % and 13.5 wt %, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Mid-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a hydrogen content in the range from about 12.5 wt % to about 13.5 wt %, for example, and may target an hydrogen content in the range from about 13.0 wt % to about 14.0 wt % for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a hydrogen content of less than about 13 wt %. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a hydrogen content of less than about 12.5 wt %. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a hydrogen content of less than about 12.0 wt %. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a hydrogen content of less than 11 wt %, for example. A heavy-cut having a hydrogen content of less than about 12 wt %, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Heavy-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a hydrogen content in the range from about 10 wt % to about 11 wt %, for example, and may target a hydrogen content in the range from about 11 wt % to about 12 wt % for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

Nitrogen Content

In some embodiments, the light cut may have a nitrogen content of less than 100 ppm, such as less than 50 ppm or less than 30 ppm. In other embodiments, the light cut may have a nitrogen content of less than 25 ppm. In yet other embodiments, the light cut may have a nitrogen content of less than 20 ppm, less than 15 ppm, less than 10 ppm, less than 5 ppm, less than 3 ppm, less than 1 ppm, or even less than 0.5 ppm. In some embodiments, the mid cut may have a nitrogen content of greater than 1 ppm and less than 1000 ppm, such as from a lower limit of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, or 500 ppm to an upper limit of 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have a nitrogen content of greater than 10 ppm, such as greater than 25 ppm, greater than 50 ppm, greater than 100 ppm, greater than 150 ppm, greater than 200 ppm, greater than 250 ppm, greater than 500 ppm, greater than 1000 ppm, greater than 1500 ppm, greater than 2000 ppm, or greater than 2500 ppm.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a light cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 300° C., for example, may have an nitrogen content of less than 0.01 wt %, or 100 ppm; in other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 250° C., for example, the light cut may have an nitrogen content of less than 0.001 wt %, or 10 ppm; in yet other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 220° C., for example, the light cut may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.0001 wt %, or 1 ppm. In some embodiments where the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point below about 160° C., the light cut may have a nitrogen content of less than about 0.00003 wt %, or 0.3 ppm. While the nitrogen content may vary for the different feeds at any given cut temperature, a nitrogen content, such as less than about 100 ppm, less than 10 ppm, or less than 1 ppm, for example, has been found to improve the convertibility of the light hydrocarbons in the steam pyrolysis unit without the need for intermediate processing. Light cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a nitrogen content of less than 1 ppm, for example, and may also target a nitrogen content of less than 1 ppm for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have a nitrogen content of between about 10 ppm and 250 ppm, for example. A mid-cut having a nitrogen content of between 20 and 250 ppm, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Mid-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a nitrogen content in the range from about 200 to about 300 ppm, for example, and may target an nitrogen content in the range from about 100 to about 150 ppm for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a nitrogen content of greater than about 0.001 wt %, or 10 ppm. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a nitrogen content of greater than about 0.005 wt %, or 50 ppm. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a nitrogen content of greater than about 0.01 wt %, or 100 ppm. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a nitrogen content of greater than 2500 ppm, for example. A heavy-cut having a nitrogen content of greater than about 100 ppm, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Heavy-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a nitrogen content in the range from about 2000 to about 3000 ppm, for example, and may target a nitrogen content in the range from about 1000 to about 2000 for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

Sulfur Content

In some embodiments, the light cut may have a sulfur content of less than 10000 ppm, such as less than 5000 ppm or less than 1000 ppm. In other embodiments, the light cut may have a sulfur content of less than 750 ppm. In yet other embodiments, the light cut may have a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm, less than 250 ppm, or even less than 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the mid cut may have a sulfur content of greater than 500 ppm and less than 10000 ppm, such as from a lower limit of 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, or 5000 ppm to an upper limit of 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 15000, or 20000 ppm. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have a sulfur content of greater than 1000 ppm, such as greater than 2500 ppm, greater than 5000 ppm, greater than 10000 ppm, greater than 15000 ppm, greater than 20000 ppm, greater than 25000 ppm, greater than 30000 ppm, greater than 35000 ppm, greater than 40000 ppm, greater than 45000 ppm, or greater than 50000 ppm.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a light cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 300° C., for example, may have an sulfur content of 1 wt %, or 10,000 ppm; in other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 250° C., for example, the light cut may have an sulfur content of less than 0.5 wt %, or 5,000 ppm; in yet other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 220° C., for example, the light cut may have a sulfur content of less than 0.1 wt %, or 1,000 ppm. In some embodiments where the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point below about 160° C., the light cut may have a sulfur content of less than about 750 ppm or less than 500 ppm. While the sulfur content may vary for the different feeds at any given cut temperature, a sulfur content, such as less than about 600 ppm, for example, has been found to improve the convertibility of the light hydrocarbons in the steam pyrolysis unit without the need for intermediate processing. Light cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a sulfur content of less than 750 ppm, for example, and may also target a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have a sulfur content of between about 1000 ppm and 20000 ppm, for example. A mid-cut having a sulfur content of between 2000 and 15000 ppm, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Mid-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a sulfur content in the range from about 6000 to about 12000 ppm, for example, and may target an sulfur content in the range from about 5000 to about 10000 ppm for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a sulfur content of greater than about 0.1 wt %, or 1,000 ppm. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a sulfur content of greater than about 0.5 wt %, or 5,000 ppm. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a sulfur content of greater than about 1 wt %, or 1,000 ppm. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a sulfur content of greater than 25000 ppm, for example. A heavy-cut having a sulfur content of greater than about 10000 ppm, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein. Heavy-cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a sulfur content in the range from about 30000 to about 50000 ppm, for example, and may target a sulfur content in the range from about 20000 to about 30000 for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

Viscosity

In some embodiments, the light cut may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C. according to ASTM D445, of less than 10 cSt. In other embodiments, the light cut may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 5 cSt. In yet other embodiments, the light cut may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have a viscosity, measured at 100° C. according to ASTM D445, of greater than 10 cSt, such as greater than 20 cSt, greater than 350 cSt, greater than 50 cSt, greater than 75 cSt, or greater than 100 cSt. In various embodiments, the mid-cut may have a viscosity intermediate that of the light and heavy cuts.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a light cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 300° C., for example, may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 10 cSt; in other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 250° C., for example, the light cut may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 5 cSt; in yet other embodiments, such as when the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point up to about 220° C., for example, the light cut may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt. In some embodiments where the light cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point below about 160° C., the light cut may have a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 0.75 cSt. While the viscosity may vary for the different feeds at any given cut temperature, a low viscosity, such as less than 10 cSt, for example, has been found to improve the processability of the light hydrocarbons in the steam pyrolysis unit without the need for intermediate processing. Light cuts for Arab light crudes processed according to embodiments herein may target a viscosity of less than 0.55 cSt, for example, and may target a viscosity of less than 0.6 cSt for Arab extra light crudes, for example.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 10 cSt. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 50 cSt. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a viscosity of greater than 375 cSt, for example. A heavy-cut having a viscosity of greater than about 40 cSt, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein.

MCRT

In some embodiments, the light cut may have only trace amounts, or undetectable amounts, of microcarbon residue (MCRT). In some embodiments, the mid cut may have a MCRT of less than 5 wt %, such as less than 3 wt %, less than 1 wt %, or less than 0.5 wt %. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have an MCRT of greater than 0.5 wt %, such as greater than 1 wt %, greater than 3 wt %, greater than 5 wt %, or greater than 10 wt %.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have a MCRT of between about 0 wt % (trace or unmeasurable) and 1 wt %. A mid-cut having negligible MCRT, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a MCRT of greater than 0.5 wt %. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a MCRT of greater than 1 wt %. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a MCRT of greater than 5 wt %. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a MCRT of greater than 15 wt %, for example. A heavy-cut having a MCRT of greater than about 1 wt %, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein.

Metals Content

In some embodiments, the light cut may have only trace amounts, or undetectable amounts, of metals. In some embodiments, the mid cut may have a metals content of up to 50 ppm, such as less than 30 ppm, less than 10 ppm, or less than 1 ppm. In some embodiments, the heavy cut may have a metals content of greater than 1 ppm, such as greater than 10 ppm, greater than 20 ppm, greater than 35 ppm, or greater than 50 ppm.

In some embodiments, the mid cut, including hydrocarbons having a lower boiling point in the range from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and an upper boiling point in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C., may have a metals content of between about 0 ppm (trace or unmeasurable) and 5 ppm, such as from greater than 0 ppm to 1 ppm. A mid-cut having negligible metals content, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using relatively moderate destructive hydrogenation conditions in the mid-cut conditioning section of processes herein.

In various embodiments, the heavy cut, including hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than about 300° C., may have a metals content of greater than 1 ppm. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 350° C., the heavy cut may have a metals content of greater than 10 ppm. When the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 400° C., the heavy cut may have a metals content of greater than 50 ppm. In embodiments where the heavy cut includes hydrocarbons having a boiling point above about 490° C., the heavy cut may have a metals content of greater than 75 ppm, for example. A heavy-cut having a metals content of greater than about 10 ppm, for example, has been found to be convertible to steam cracker feeds using the more severe destructive hydrogenation conditions in the heavy-cut conditioning section of processes herein.

As an example, an Arab Light crude oil stream may be separated in the initial separation step in order to produce the desired light-, mid-, and heavy-cuts. Without intending to be bound by theory, the light-cut may be a 160° C.− fraction with 5% of the fraction having a boiling point below 36° C. and 95% of the fraction having a boiling point below 160° C. (only 5% of the fraction would have a boiling point above 160° C.). The light cut may have an API gravity of about 65.5°, may have a BMCI of about 5.2, may have a hydrogen content of about 14.8 wt % (or 148,000 ppm), may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.00003 wt % (or 0.3 ppm), may have a sulfur content of about 0.0582 wt % (or 582 ppm), may have a viscosity, at 40° C., of about 0.5353 centistokes (cSt), and may have only trace amounts of MCRT and total metals content. The mid-cut may be a 160° C. to 490° C. fraction with 5% of the fraction having a boiling point below 173° C. and 95% of the fraction having a boiling point below 474° C. (only 5% of the fraction would have a boiling point above 474° C.). The mid-cut may have an API gravity of about 33.6°, may have a BMCI of about 25, may have a hydrogen content of about 12.83 wt % (or 128,300 ppm), may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.0227 wt % (or 227 ppm), may have a sulfur content of about 0.937 wt % (or 9,370 ppm), may have a viscosity, at 100° C., of about 1.58 centistokes (cSt), may have an MCRT of 0.03 wt %, and may have only trace amounts of total metals content. The heavy-cut may be a 490° C.+ fraction with 5% of the fraction having a boiling point below 490° C. and 95% of the fraction having a boiling point below 735° C. (only 5% of the fraction would have a boiling point above 735° C.). The heavy-cut may have an API gravity of about 8.2°, may have a BMCI of about 55, may have a hydrogen content of about 10.41 wt % (or 104,100 ppm), may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.2638 wt % (or 2,368 ppm), may have a sulfur content of about 3.9668 wt % (or 39,668 ppm), may have a viscosity, at 100° C., of about 394.3 centistokes (cSt), may have an MCRT of 17.22 wt %, and may have a total metals content 79.04 ppm.

As another example, an Arab Extra Light crude oil stream may be separated in the initial separation step in order to produce the desired light-, mid-, and heavy-cuts. Without intending to be bound by theory, the light-cut may be a 160° C.− fraction with 5% of the fraction having a boiling point below 54° C. and 95% of the fraction having a boiling point below 160° C. (only 5% of the fraction would have a boiling point above 160° C.). The light cut may have an API gravity of about 62°, may have a BMCI of about 9.09, may have a hydrogen content of about 14.53 wt % (or 145,300 ppm), may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.00003 wt % (or 0.3 ppm), may have a sulfur content of about 0.0472 wt % (or 472 ppm), may have a viscosity, at 40° C., of about 0.58 centistokes (cSt), and may have only trace amounts of MCRT and total metals content. The mid-cut may be a 160° C. to 490° C. fraction with 5% of the fraction having a boiling point below 169° C. and 95% of the fraction having a boiling point below 456° C. (only 5% of the fraction would have a boiling point above 474° C.). The mid-cut may have an API gravity of about 36.1°, may have a BMCI of about 21.22, may have a hydrogen content of about 13.38 wt % (or 133,800 ppm), may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.01322 wt % (or 132.2 ppm), may have a sulfur content of about 0.9047 wt % (or 9,047 ppm), may have a viscosity, at 100° C., of about 1.39 centistokes (cSt), and may have only trace amounts of MCRT and total metals content. The heavy-cut may be a 490° C.+ fraction with 5% of the fraction having a boiling point below 455° C. and 95% of the fraction having a boiling point below 735° C. (only 5% of the fraction would have a boiling point above 735° C.). The heavy-cut may have an API gravity of about 15.1°, may have a BMCI of about 33.28, may have a hydrogen content of about 11.45 wt % (or 114,500 ppm), may have a nitrogen content of less than 0.1599 wt % (or 1,599 ppm), may have a sulfur content of about 2.683 wt % (or 26,830 ppm), may have a viscosity, at 100° C., of about 48.79 centistokes (cSt), may have an MCRT of 9.53 wt %, and may have a total metals content 58.45 ppm.

While the various properties have been described with respect to Arab Light and Arab Extra Light, the aforementioned would also be applicable to other types of crude, such as desalted oils, condensate, biogenic oil, synthesis crude, tight oil, heavy hydrocarbons, reconstituted crudes, and bitumen derived oils.

Embodiments herein contemplate adjustment of the various cut points and reactor conditions based upon one or more of the above-noted properties. Methods according to embodiments herein may assay the petroleum feeds to be used, measuring one or more of the various properties of an incoming feed. Based on one or more of the properties, cut points, catalyst types (for moving bed reactors), pressures, temperatures, space velocity, hydrogen feed rates, and other variables may be adjusted to more effectively and efficiently utilize the reactor configuration, so as to maintain prime, near optimal, or optimal conditioning of the feedstock and the various cuts to desirable steam cracker feedstocks.

For example, the ebullated bed which receives the heavy-cut may have a capacity to process an amount of hydrocarbon having a sulfur content of less than 40,000 ppm. If a particular 490° C.+ heavy-cut would have a sulfur content of greater than 40,000 ppm, the capacity of the ebullated bed may be reduced. Accordingly, the heavy-cut point may be reduced, to 465° C.+, for example, in order have the sulfur content be less than 40,000 ppm. Further, if a particular 160° C.-490° C. mid-cut fraction has a hydrogen content of greater than 14 wt %, for example, and the nitrogen, sulfur, MCRT, and total metals is suitably low, the light-cut fraction may be expanded (from 160° C.− to 190° C.−, for example) to route more of the whole crude directly to the steam cracker. Alternatively, if the mid-cut is lower in hydrogen, for example, and/or the sulfur, nitrogen, MCRT, and/or total metals are not suitably low, the light-cut may be reduced (from 160° C.− to 130° C.−, for example), such that additional mid-cut may be processed in the fixed bed conditioning stages.

Associated with each of the above embodiments, as an exemplary feed, an Arab Light crude may be processed to produce sufficient Light Naphtha and other feedstocks to produce incremental ethylene in a mixed feed cracker (MFC). Desalting may include pumping a raw Arab Light (AL) crude oil through one or more preheat exchangers, raising the crude oil to a temperature, such as 140° C., to maximize the effectiveness of the desalter. The desalter may be, for example, a two-stage, electrostatic desalting system, which may relieve the raw crude oil of salts, solids, and water, which would otherwise cause corrosion and fouling issues in the downstream equipment. Water and de-emulsifying chemicals may be mixed with the raw crude oil to dissolve its salts into a brine solution, which is then electrostatically coalesced and separated from the oil. The first stage may remove nearly all the salt from the crude, and the second stage may remove the remainder of the salt and dehydrate the crude.

A portion of the desalter feed water (not shown), which may be about 2 vol % on raw crude oil feed, for example, may be injected into the cold raw crude oil feed to protect the raw crude preheat exchangers against salt deposits. De-emulsifier injection points at the suction and discharge of each crude oil pump prevents emulsion formation as the crude proceeds through the preheating system.

The water used for desalting (desalter feed water, DFW) may be stripped sour water (not illustrated). 6 to 10 vol %, such as 8 vol % percent, DFW on raw crude oil feed may be required for desalting. A makeup water line (not shown) with a sequence control valve may be provided to maintain the proper DFW quantity in the event the quantity of stripped sour water becomes insufficient. The DFW may be collected in a surge drum, pumped, and split. A portion of the split, such as 2 vol % may be used for injection into the cold crude, and the remaining portion may be used for injection into the desalter. This latter amount may be preheated to within about 10° C. of the desalter operating temperature before injection. A mixing valve may facilitate thorough mixing of the DFW with first-stage effluent oil. Effluent water from the second stage may pumped and cascaded back to the first stage, where another mixing valve thoroughly mixes it with preheated crude oil and de-emulsifying chemical. Rich effluent water from the first stage may be cooled against incoming DFW, and cooled against air and cooling water before.

Each desalting stage may be equipped with a mudwash system to remove any solids that may settle and buildup in the desalter vessels. The mudwash system may operate by taking water from the same vessel and injecting it back at higher pressure to fluidize the solids and put them in suspension in the water phase, for further removal with the water stream.

The remaining 160° C.+ crude fraction collects in the ISD sump, from where it is pumped by the ISD Bottoms Pumps through stripper feed bottoms exchanger and heater to the Hot Hydrogen Stripper. In the hot hydrogen stripper, the 160° C.+ crude fraction is further separated into a 160-490° C. fraction and a heavier 490° C.+ fraction utilizing hot hydrogen as the stripping medium.

The 160-490° C. fractions generated in the process schemes may be fed to common or separate fixed bed conditioning sections. Each fixed bed crude conditioning section may contain up to four reaction stages, including ebullated bed reactors (such as LC-FINING Reactors), and 2nd Stage Hydrocracking Reactors, and a Heavy Oil Hydrotreating Reactor. These four reaction stages may operate within a single, common recycle gas circulation loop. Integration of these crude conditioning stages accomplishes the key processing objectives of upgrading low value refinery streams, eliminating the need to import FRN, and providing steam cracker feed for production of incremental ethylene, while minimizing hydrogen consumption, investment and operating costs.

In some embodiments, the 490° C.+ fraction may be processed in a slurry or ebullated bed reactor. The 490° C.+ stream contains the most difficult compounds in the crude to be processed, including asphaltenes, metals, and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR). In fixed bed down-flow reactors, the conversion and catalyst run length are typically limited by the metals, CCR, and asphaltenes content in residue feeds, and which results in rapid fouling of catalyst and increase of pressure drop. Embodiments herein may employ an upward flow expanded bed reactor to overcome the pressure drop issue and permit the process to operate with uninterrupted flow for long periods at high residue conversions. As such, the 490° C.+ stream may be processed in a liquid circulation, ebullated bed reactor, such as LC-FINING Technology available from Lummus Technology LLC. Slurry reactor technology may also be used to handle even heavier refinery streams, such as pitch from a solvent deasphalter.

In other embodiments, a heavy 490° C.+ fraction may be recovered from a first stage ebullated or slurry bed reactor effluent, and processed in a solvent deasphalting (SDA) unit. The resulting deasphalted oil (DAO) from the SDA unit may be processed in conditioning reactors, including, for example, a second slurry or ebullated bed reaction stage. The pitch fraction, if desired, may be upgraded into a low-sulfur, IMO 2020 compliant fuel oil, further increasing the value of the products.

Steam crackers, including ethylene complexes, useful in embodiments herein may include various unit operations. For example, an ethylene complex may include a cracker, such as a steam cracker. Other cracking operations may also be used. The ethylene complex may also include an olefins recovery unit, a butadiene extraction unit, a MTBE unit, a C4 selective hydrogenation unit, a pyrolysis gasoline hydrotreating unit, an aromatics extraction unit, a metathesis unit, and/or a disproportionation unit, among others useful for the production and recovery of olefins and other light hydrocarbons. Products from the ethylene complex may include, for example, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, MTBE, and mixed xylenes, among others.

In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon streams to be cracked may be fed directly to the steam cracker. In other embodiments, the hydrocarbon streams noted above to be cracked may be separated into multiple fractions for separate processing (cracking, for example, at preferred temperatures, pressures, and residence times for each respective fraction).

The hydrocarbon feedstocks, which may be a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of hydrocarbons, may be introduced to a heating coil disposed in the convection section of a pyrolysis heater. In the heating coil, the hydrocarbon feedstock may be heated and/or vaporized via convective heat exchange with the exhaust

If desired, the heated hydrocarbon feedstock may then be mixed with steam or an inert compound, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or any other inorganic gases. Various portions of the process or additional processes in the plant may use low temperature or saturated steam, while others may use high temperature superheated steam. Steam to be used within the process or elsewhere in the plant may be heated or superheated via a heating coil (not shown) disposed in the convection zone of a pyrolysis heater.

The heated hydrocarbon mixture(s) may then be fed to a heating coil, which may be disposed at a lower elevation in the pyrolysis heater, and therefore at a higher temperature, than the convective zone heating coil noted above. The resulting superheated mixture may then be fed to one or more coils disposed in a radiant zone of the pyrolysis heater, operated at a temperature for partial conversion, via thermal cracking, of the hydrocarbon mixture. The cracked hydrocarbon product may then be recovered.

In some embodiments, multiple heating and separation steps may be used to separate the hydrocarbon mixture(s) to be cracked into two or more hydrocarbon fractions, if desired. This will permit cracking of each cut optimally, such that the throughput, steam to oil ratios, heater inlet and outlet temperatures and other variables may be controlled at a desirable level to achieve the desired reaction results, such as to a desired product profile while limited coking in the radiant coils and associated downstream equipment. As various cuts, depending upon the boiling point of the hydrocarbons in the various feed streams, are separated and cracked, the coking in the radiant coils and transfer line exchangers can be controlled. As a result, the run length of the heater may be increased to many weeks, instead of few hours, with higher olefin production.

Following cracking in the radiant coils, one or more transfer line exchangers may be used to cool the products very quickly and generate (super) high pressure steam. One or more coils may be combined and connected to each exchanger. The exchanger(s) can be double pipe or multiple shell and tube exchanger(s).

Instead of indirect cooling, direct quenching can also be used. For such cases, oil may be injected at the outlet of the radiant coil. Following the oil quench, a water quench can also be used. Instead of oil quench, an all water quench is also acceptable. After quenching, the products are sent to a recovery section.

As described above, embodiments herein may be used to convert heavier fractions of crude oil into high-value chemicals and may minimize the amount sent to a fuel oil pool, which increases profitability. The fuel oil pool may also be upgraded into a low-sulfur, IMO 2020 compliant fuel oil, further increasing the value of the products.

As described above, embodiments herein may relate to one or more of the following embodiments:

Embodiment 1: A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising:

-   -   separating a hydrocarbon feedstock in a first integrated         separation device into at least a light boiling fraction, a         medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction;     -   hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis         oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid         hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent;     -   separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated         separation device to produce a fuel oil fraction and a partially         conditioned fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the         partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to         produce a steam cracker feedstream;     -   feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling         fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into         one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Embodiment 2: The process of embodiment 1, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %;     -   a BMCI of less than 5;     -   an API gravity of greater than 40°;     -   a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt;     -   less than 1 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 1 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 3: The process of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14         wt %;     -   a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50;     -   an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°;     -   a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000         ppm;     -   a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100         ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt;     -   less than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 4: The process of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %;     -   a BMCI of greater than 50;     -   an API gravity of less than 10°;     -   a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt;     -   greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   greater than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 5: The process of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein:

-   -   the resid hydrocracked fraction has a 95% boiling point         temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 560° C.

Embodiment 6: The process of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has a 5% boiling point temperature of greater than about 545° C.

Embodiment 7: The process of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a common destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 8: The process of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises:

-   -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a         first destructive hydrogenation unit;     -   destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction         in a second destructive hydrogenation unit; and     -   combining the effluents from the first and second destructive         hydrogenation units.

Embodiment 9: The process of embodiment 8, further comprising destructive hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in the first destructive hydrogenation unit during a time period when catalyst is being replaced in the second destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 10: The process of any one of embodiments 1-9, further comprising hydrodesulfurizing the fuel oil fraction to produce an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil.

Embodiment 11: The process of embodiment 1, wherein an overall chemicals production of the feedstock is from about 60 wt % up to 85 wt %, based on the total amount of olefins produced as compared to a total feedstock feed rate.

Embodiment 12: The process of embodiment 1, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.

Embodiment 13: The process of embodiment 1, wherein separating the whole crude comprises:

-   -   feeding the whole crude into a heater, producing a pre-heated         hydrocarbon feedstock;     -   separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator         into the light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction;     -   feeding the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing         a heated intermediate fraction;     -   feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper;     -   separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen         stripper into the medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen         stripper bottoms fraction; and     -   cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect         heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing the         high boiling residue fraction.

Embodiment 14: A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising:

-   -   separating a hydrocarbon feedstock in a first integrated         separation device into at least a light boiling fraction, a         medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction;     -   hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction in a first resid         conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to         produce a hydrocracked effluent;     -   solvent deasphalting the hydrocracked effluent to recover a         pitch and a deasphalted oil fraction;     -   hydrocracking the deasphalted oil fraction and a pyrolysis oil         in a second resid conditioning unit, comprising a resid         hydrocracking system, to produce a second hydrocracked effluent;     -   separating the hydrocracked effluent and the second hydrocracked         effluents in a second integrated separation device to produce         the resid fraction and a partially conditioned fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the         partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to         produce a steam cracker feedstream;     -   feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling         fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into         one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Embodiment 15: The process of embodiment 14, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %;     -   a BMCI of less than 5;     -   an API gravity of greater than 40°;     -   a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt;     -   less than 1 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 1 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 16: The process of embodiment 14 or embodiment 15, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14         wt %;     -   a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50;     -   an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°;     -   a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000         ppm;     -   a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100         ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt;     -   less than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 17: The process of any one of embodiments 14-16, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %;     -   a BMCI of greater than 50;     -   an API gravity of less than 10°;     -   a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt;     -   greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   greater than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 18: The process of any one of embodiments 14-17, wherein:

-   -   the second hydrocracked effluent has a 95% boiling point         temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 560° C.

Embodiment 19: The process of any one of embodiments 14-18, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has a 5% boiling point temperature of greater than about 545° C.

Embodiment 20: The process of any one of embodiments 14-19, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a common destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 21: The process of any one of embodiments 14-20, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises:

-   -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a         first destructive hydrogenation unit;     -   destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction         in a second destructive hydrogenation unit; and     -   combining the effluents from the first and second destructive         hydrogenation units.

Embodiment 22: The process of embodiment 21, further comprising destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in the first destructive hydrogenation unit during a time period when catalyst is being replaced in the second destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 23: The process of embodiment 14, wherein an overall chemicals production of the feedstock is from about 60 wt % up to 85 wt %, based on the total amount of olefins produced as compared to a total feedstock feed rate.

Embodiment 24: The process of embodiment 14, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.

Embodiment 25: The process of embodiment 14, wherein separating the whole crude comprises:

-   -   feeding the whole crude into a heater, producing a pre-heated         hydrocarbon feedstock;     -   separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator         into the light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction;     -   feeding the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing         a heated intermediate fraction;     -   feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper;     -   separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen         stripper into the medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen         stripper bottoms fraction; and     -   cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect         heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing the         high boiling residue fraction.

Embodiment 26: A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising:

-   -   separating a hydrocarbon feedstock in a first integrated         separation device into at least a light boiling fraction, a         medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction;     -   hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis         oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid         hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent;     -   separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated         separation device to produce a resid fraction and a partially         conditioned fraction;     -   hydrodesulfurizing the resid fraction to produce an ultra low         sulfur diesel fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a         third conditioning unit to produce a third conditioning unit         effluent;     -   separating the third conditioning unit effluent in a third         integrated separation device into a light boiling conditioned         fraction, a medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a high         boiling fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction,         the medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a diesel fraction         in a fourth conditioning unit to produce a fourth conditioning         unit effluent;     -   separating the fourth conditioning unit in a fourth integrated         separation device into a light conditioned fraction and the         diesel fraction;     -   feeding the high boiling fraction, the light conditioned         fraction, the light boiling fraction, and the light boiling         conditioned fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons         therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Embodiment 27: The process of embodiment 26, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %;     -   a BMCI of less than 5;     -   an API gravity of greater than 40°;     -   a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt;     -   less than 1 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 1 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 28: The process of embodiment 26 or embodiment 27, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14         wt %;     -   a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50;     -   an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°;     -   a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000         ppm;     -   a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100         ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt;     -   less than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 29: The process of any one of embodiments 26-28, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %;     -   a BMCI of greater than 50;     -   an API gravity of less than 10°;     -   a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt;     -   greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   greater than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 30: The process of embodiment 26, wherein separating the whole crude comprises:

-   -   feeding the whole crude into a heater, producing a pre-heated         hydrocarbon feedstock;     -   separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator         into the light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction;     -   feeding the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing         a heated intermediate fraction;     -   feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper;     -   separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen         stripper into the medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen         stripper bottoms fraction; and     -   cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect         heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing the         high boiling residue fraction.

Embodiment 31: A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising:

-   -   feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a heater, producing a         pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock;     -   separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator         into a light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction;     -   feeding the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing         a heated intermediate fraction;     -   feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper;     -   separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen         stripper into a medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen         stripper bottoms fraction;     -   cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect         heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing a high         boiling residue fraction;     -   hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis         oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid         hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent;     -   separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated         separation device to produce a fuel oil fraction and a partially         conditioned fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the         partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to         produce a steam cracker feedstream;     -   feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling         fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into         one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Embodiment 32: The process of embodiment 31, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %;     -   a BMCI of less than 5;     -   an API gravity of greater than 40°;     -   a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt;     -   less than 1 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 1 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 33: The process of embodiment 31 or embodiment 32, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14         wt %;     -   a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50;     -   an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°;     -   a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000         ppm;     -   a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100         ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt;     -   less than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 34: The process of any one of embodiments 31-33, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %;     -   a BMCI of greater than 50;     -   an API gravity of less than 10°;     -   a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt;     -   greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   greater than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 35: The process of any one of embodiments 31-34, wherein:

-   -   the resid hydrocracked fraction has a 95% boiling point         temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 560° C.

Embodiment 36: The process of any one of embodiments 31-35, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has a 5% boiling point temperature of greater than about 545° C.

Embodiment 37: The process of any one of embodiments 31-36, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a common destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 38: The process of any one of embodiments 31-37, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises:

-   -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a         first destructive hydrogenation unit;     -   destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction         in a second destructive hydrogenation unit; and     -   combining the effluents from the first and second destructive         hydrogenation units.

Embodiment 39: The process of embodiment 38, further comprising destructive hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in the first destructive hydrogenation unit during a time period when catalyst is being replaced in the second destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 40: The process of any one of embodiments 31-39, further comprising hydrodesulfurizing the fuel oil fraction to produce an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil.

Embodiment 41: The process of embodiment 31, wherein an overall chemicals production of the feedstock is from about 60 wt % up to 85 wt %, based on the total amount of olefins produced as compared to a total feedstock feed rate.

Embodiment 42: The process of embodiment 31, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.

Embodiment 43: A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising:

-   -   feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a heater, producing a         pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock;     -   separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator         into a light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction;     -   feeding the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing         a heated intermediate fraction;     -   feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper;     -   separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen         stripper into a medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen         stripper bottoms fraction;     -   cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect         heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing a high         boiling residue fraction;     -   hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction in a first resid         conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to         produce a hydrocracked effluent;     -   solvent deasphalting the hydrocracked effluent to recover a         pitch and a deasphalted oil fraction;     -   hydrocracking the deasphalted oil fraction and a pyrolysis oil         in a second resid conditioning unit, comprising a resid         hydrocracking system, to produce a second hydrocracked effluent;     -   separating the hydrocracked effluent and the second hydrocracked         effluents in a second integrated separation device to produce         the resid fraction and a partially conditioned fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the         partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to         produce a steam cracker feedstream;     -   feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling         fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into         one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Embodiment 44: The process of embodiment 43, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %;     -   a BMCI of less than 5;     -   an API gravity of greater than 40°;     -   a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt;     -   less than 1 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 1 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 45: The process of embodiment 43 or embodiment 44, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14         wt %;     -   a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50;     -   an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°;     -   a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000         ppm;     -   a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100         ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt;     -   less than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 46: The process of any one of embodiments 43-45, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %;     -   a BMCI of greater than 50;     -   an API gravity of less than 10°;     -   a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt;     -   greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   greater than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 47: The process of any one of embodiments 43-46, wherein:

-   -   the second hydrocracked effluent has a 95% boiling point         temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 560° C.

Embodiment 48: The process of any one of embodiments 43-47, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has a 5% boiling point temperature of greater than about 545° C.

Embodiment 49: The process of any one of embodiments 43-48, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises destructive hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a common destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 50: The process of any one of embodiments 43-49, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises:

-   -   destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a         first destructive hydrogenation unit;     -   destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction         in a second destructive hydrogenation unit; and     -   combining the effluents from the first and second destructive         hydrogenation units.

Embodiment 51: The process of embodiment 50, further comprising destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in the first destructive hydrogenation unit during a time period when catalyst is being replaced in the second destructive hydrogenation unit.

Embodiment 52: The process of embodiment 43, wherein an overall chemicals production of the feedstock is from about 60 wt % up to 85 wt %, based on the total amount of olefins produced as compared to a total feedstock feed rate.

Embodiment 53: The process of embodiment 43, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.

Embodiment 54: A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising:

-   -   feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a heater, producing a         pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock;     -   separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator         into a light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction;     -   feeding the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing         a heated intermediate fraction;     -   feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper;     -   separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen         stripper into a medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen         stripper bottoms fraction;     -   cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect         heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing a high         boiling residue fraction;     -   hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis         oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid         hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent;     -   separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated         separation device to produce a resid fraction and a partially         conditioned fraction;     -   hydrodesulfurizing the resid fraction to produce an ultra low         sulfur diesel fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium         boiling fraction in a third conditioning unit to produce a third         conditioning unit effluent;     -   separating the third conditioning unit effluent in a third         integrated separation device into a light boiling conditioned         fraction, a medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a high         boiling fraction;     -   destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction,         the medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a diesel fraction         in a fourth conditioning unit to produce a fourth conditioning         unit effluent;     -   separating the fourth conditioning unit in a fourth integrated         separation device into a light conditioned fraction and the         diesel fraction;     -   feeding the high boiling fraction, the light conditioned         fraction, the light boiling fraction, and the light boiling         conditioned fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons         therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.

Embodiment 55: The process of embodiment 54, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %;     -   a BMCI of less than 5;     -   an API gravity of greater than 40°;     -   a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt;     -   less than 1 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 1 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 56: The process of embodiment 54 or embodiment 55, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C.         to about 200° C.;

a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.;

-   -   a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14         wt %;     -   a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50;     -   an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°;     -   a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000         ppm;     -   a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100         ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt;     -   less than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   less than 50 ppm total metals.

Embodiment 57: The process of any one of embodiments 54-56, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties:

-   -   a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C.         to about 600° C.;     -   a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %;     -   a BMCI of greater than 50;     -   an API gravity of less than 10°;     -   a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm;     -   a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm;     -   a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt;     -   greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and     -   greater than 50 ppm total metals.

Further, as described above, embodiments may relate to a system for performing the processes according to one or more of embodiments 1-57.

While the disclosure includes a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope should be limited only by the attached claims. 

What is claimed:
 1. A system for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the system comprising: a first integrated separation device configured for separating a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising the whole crudes into at least a light boiling fraction, a medium boiling fraction, and a high boiling residue fraction; a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, configured for hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis oil to produce a hydrocracked effluent; a second integrated separation device configured for separating the hydrocracked effluent to produce a fuel oil fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; a second conditioning unit configured for destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction to produce a steam cracker feedstream; a steam cracker configured for converting hydrocarbons in the steam cracker feedstream into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.
 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a flow line configured for feeding the light boiling fraction to the steam cracker.
 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising an integrated hydrotreater configured for converting the fuel oil fraction into an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil stream.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the integrated hydrotreater is a fixed bed hydrodesulfurization unit.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second condition unit further comprises a common destructive hydrogenation unit wherein the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction are destructively hydrogenated together.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the second condition unit further comprises: a first destructive hydrogenation unit configured for destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction; a second destructive hydrogenation unit configured for destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction; and a mixing unit configured for combining the effluents from the first and second destructive hydrogenation units.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first conditioning unit further comprises: a first resid hydrocracking system configured for hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction, producing a first resid hydrocracking system effluent; and a second resid hydrocracking system configured for hydrocracking the pyrolysis oil, producing a second resid hydrocracking system effluent; and a mixing unit configured for receiving the first resid hydrocracking system effluent and the second resid hydrocracking system effluent, producing the hydrocracked effluent.
 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising: a solvent deasphalting unit configured for receiving the fuel oil fraction and converting the fuel oil fraction into a deasphalted oil stream and a pitch stream; and a flow line for feeding the deasphalted oil stream to the second resid hydrocracking system.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first integrated separation device comprises: a heater configured for receiving the whole crude and producing a pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock; a separator configured for separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock into the light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction, a recycle line configured recycling the intermediate fraction back to the heater, producing a heated intermediate fraction; a hot hydrogen stripper configured for receiving a hydrogen stream and separating the heated intermediate fraction into the medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction; and a heat exchanger configured for cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing the high boiling residue fraction.
 11. A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising: feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a heater, producing a pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock; separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator into a light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction; feeding the intermediate fraction to the heater, producing a heated intermediate fraction; feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper; separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen stripper into a medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction; cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing a high boiling residue fraction; hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent; separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated separation device to produce a fuel oil fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to produce a steam cracker feedstream; feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.
 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C. to about 200° C.; a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %; a BMCI of less than 5; an API gravity of greater than 40°; a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm; a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt; less than 1 wt % MCRT; and less than 1 ppm total metals.
 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C. to about 200° C.; a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.; a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14 wt %; a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50; an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°; a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000 ppm; a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt; less than 5 wt % MCRT; and less than 50 ppm total metals.
 14. The process of claim 11, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.; a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %; a BMCI of greater than 50; an API gravity of less than 10°; a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm; a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt; greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and greater than 50 ppm total metals.
 15. The process of claim 11, wherein: the resid hydrocracked fraction has a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 560° C.
 16. The process of claim 11, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has a 5% boiling point temperature of greater than about 545° C.
 17. The process of claim 11, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a common destructive hydrogenation unit.
 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises: destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a first destructive hydrogenation unit; destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in a second destructive hydrogenation unit; and combining the effluents from the first and second destructive hydrogenation units.
 19. The process of claim 18, further comprising destructive hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in the first destructive hydrogenation unit during a time period when catalyst is being replaced in the second destructive hydrogenation unit.
 20. The process of claim 11, further comprising hydrodesulfurizing the fuel oil fraction to produce an ultra-low sulfur fuel oil.
 21. The process of claim 11, wherein an overall chemicals production of the feedstock is from about 60 wt % up to 85 wt %, based on the total amount of olefins produced as compared to a total feedstock feed rate.
 22. The process of claim 11, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.
 23. A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising: feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a heater, producing a pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock; separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator into a light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction; feeding the intermediate fraction to the heater, producing a heated intermediate fraction; feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper; separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen stripper into a medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction; cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing a high boiling residue fraction; hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction in a first resid conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent; solvent deasphalting the hydrocracked effluent to recover a pitch and a deasphalted oil fraction; hydrocracking the deasphalted oil fraction and a pyrolysis oil in a second resid conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a second hydrocracked effluent; separating the hydrocracked effluent and the second hydrocracked effluents in a second integrated separation device to produce the resid fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a second conditioning unit to produce a steam cracker feedstream; feeding the steam cracker feedstream and the light boiling fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.
 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C. to about 200° C.; a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %; a BMCI of less than 5; an API gravity of greater than 40°; a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm; a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt; less than 1 wt % MCRT; and less than 1 ppm total metals.
 25. The process of claim 23, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C. to about 200° C.; a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.; a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14 wt %; a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50; an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°; a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000 ppm; a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt; less than 5 wt % MCRT; and less than 50 ppm total metals.
 26. The process of claim 23, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.; a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %; a BMCI of greater than 50; an API gravity of less than 10°; a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm; a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt; greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and greater than 50 ppm total metals.
 27. The process of claim 23, wherein: the second hydrocracked effluent has a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 560° C.
 28. The process of claim 23, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has a 5% boiling point temperature of greater than about 545° C.
 29. The process of claim 23, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises destructive hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the partially conditioned fraction in a common destructive hydrogenation unit.
 30. The process of claim 23, wherein the destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction and the destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction comprises: destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a first destructive hydrogenation unit; destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in a second destructive hydrogenation unit; and combining the effluents from the first and second destructive hydrogenation units.
 31. The process of claim 30, further comprising destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction in the first destructive hydrogenation unit during a time period when catalyst is being replaced in the second destructive hydrogenation unit.
 32. The process of claim 23, wherein an overall chemicals production of the feedstock is from about 60 wt % up to 85 wt %, based on the total amount of olefins produced as compared to a total feedstock feed rate.
 33. The process of claim 23, wherein the residue hydrocracking reactor comprises a slurry bed reactor or an ebullated bed reactor.
 34. A process for converting whole crudes and other heavy hydrocarbon streams to produce olefins and/or aromatics, the process comprising: feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a heater, producing a pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock; separating the pre-heated hydrocarbon feedstock in a separator into a light boiling fraction and an intermediate fraction; feeding the intermediate fraction to the heater, producing a heated intermediate fraction; feeding a hydrogen stream to a hot hydrogen stripper; separating the heated intermediate fraction in the hot hydrogen stripper into a medium boiling fraction and a hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction; cooling the hot hydrogen stripper bottoms fraction via indirect heat exchange against the intermediate fraction producing a high boiling residue fraction; hydrocracking the high boiling residue fraction and pyrolysis oil in a first conditioning unit, comprising a resid hydrocracking system, to produce a hydrocracked effluent; separating the hydrocracked effluent in a second integrated separation device to produce a resid fraction and a partially conditioned fraction; hydrodesulfurizing the resid fraction to produce an ultra low sulfur diesel fraction; destructively hydrogenating the medium boiling fraction in a third conditioning unit to produce a third conditioning unit effluent; separating the third conditioning unit effluent in a third integrated separation device into a light boiling conditioned fraction, a medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a high boiling fraction; destructively hydrogenating the partially conditioned fraction, the medium boiling conditioned fraction, and a diesel fraction in a fourth conditioning unit to produce a fourth conditioning unit effluent; separating the fourth conditioning unit in a fourth integrated separation device into a light conditioned fraction and the diesel fraction; feeding the high boiling fraction, the light conditioned fraction, the light boiling fraction, and the light boiling conditioned fraction to a steam cracker to convert hydrocarbons therein into one or more light olefins and the pyrolysis oil.
 35. The process of claim 34, wherein the light boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C. to about 200° C.; a hydrogen content of at least 14 wt %; a BMCI of less than 5; an API gravity of greater than 40°; a sulfur content of less than 1000 ppm; a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of less than 1 cSt; less than 1 wt % MCRT; and less than 1 ppm total metals.
 36. The process of claim 34, wherein the medium boiling fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 130° C. to about 200° C.; a 95% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.; a hydrogen content in the range from about 12 wt % to about 14 wt %; a BMCI in the range from about 5 to less than 50; an API gravity of in the range from about 10° to about 40°; a sulfur content in the range from about 1000 ppm to about 10000 ppm; a nitrogen content in the range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 40° C., of greater than 1 cSt; less than 5 wt % MCRT; and less than 50 ppm total metals.
 37. The process of claim 34, wherein the high boiling residue fraction has two or more of the following properties: a 5% boiling point temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 600° C.; a hydrogen content of less than 12 wt %; a BMCI of greater than 50; an API gravity of less than 10°; a sulfur content of greater than 10000 ppm; a nitrogen content of greater than 100 ppm; a viscosity, measured at 100° C., of greater than 100 cSt; greater than 5 wt % MCRT; and greater than 50 ppm total metals. 